Product Code: ANV1731
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
Polysilicon Market size was valued at USD 12,630.7 Million in 2022, expanding at a CAGR of 16.7% from 2023 to 2030.
Polysilicon, a high-purity version of silicon, is an important raw ingredient in the solar PV supply chain. It is used in the production of semiconductor wafers. These wafers are subsequently treated to create integrated circuits or chips that are used in electronic devices. Polysilicon demand frequently reflects that of the semiconductor and solar industries. As these industries expand, so does the demand for high-purity polysilicon. The manufacturing of polysilicon, particularly through the Siemens process, requires a lot of energy. As a result, there are worries regarding the environmental impact and carbon footprint of its manufacture.
Polysilicon Market - Market Dynamics:
- The increasing number of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations is expected to propel market demand
- The global shift toward renewable energy sources to prevent climate change and reduce reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in governments and organizations encouraging and financing solar PV installations. This push toward green energy is a crucial driver for the polysilicon market. As of 2022, more than 263,000 Americans work in solar at more than 10,000 companies in every U.S. state. In 2022, the solar industry generated nearly USD35 billion of private investment in the American economy, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association. With the ongoing downsizing of electronic devices and the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), the semiconductor industry's expansion may provide a growth opportunity for demand for high-purity polysilicon. However, concerns about polysilicon production's carbon footprint and environmental impact could be a barrier to Polysilicon adoption.
Polysilicon Market - Key Insights:
- As per the analysis shared by our research analyst, the global Polysilicon market is estimated to grow annually at a CAGR of around 16.7% over the forecast period (2023-2030)
- Based on Form segmentation, Chunks was predicted to show maximum market share in the year 2022
- Based on product type segmentation, Electronics was the leading type in 2022
- On the basis of region, North America was the leading revenue generator in 2022
Polysilicon Market- Segmentation Analysis:
- The Global Polysilicon Market is segmented on the basis of Form Type, Application and Region.
- The market is divided into three categories based on product type: Chunks, Granules, and Rods. Chunks form type dominate the market. Polysilicon is a high-purity type of silicon created by chemically purifying metallurgical-grade silicon. It usually occurs in the form of Chunks or rods of varied diameters. The primary application is in the manufacture of monocrystalline and multicrystalline solar cells, as well as semiconductor wafers.
- The market is divided into two categories based on application: Solar Photovoltaic and Electronics. The Electronics segment dominates the market and is likely to maintain its dominance during the forecast period. Polysilicon plays a role in the electronics industry because it is used to produce semiconductor wafers, which are then used to make integrated circuits (ICs).
Polysilicon Market - Geographical Insights:
Geographically, this market is widespread in the regions of North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa. These regions are further divided as per the nations bringing business. Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the market growth, due to increasing production and consumption of electronic devices and the growing demand for solar energy in the region. The nations of Asia-Pacific are semiconductor industry leaders. Polysilicon, as a main raw material for semiconductor wafers, is in high demand due to the region's booming electronics and chip manufacturing sectors. China's consumer electronics industry has witnessed stable growth in recent years. Major computer, communications, and electronic device manufacturers saw their profits reach 276.32 billion yuan (about 38.39 billion U.S. dollars) in the first seven months of the year, according to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Finance. Furthermore, many governments in the Asia-Pacific area are substantially investing in renewable energy. The APAC region's large-scale manufacturing capabilities frequently result in cost advantages, making solar systems more cheap and increasing adoption. Moreover, Technological advancements in polysilicon production methods could reduce production costs, making solar energy more affordable and driving market demand in all specific region in forecast period.
Polysilicon Market- Competitive Landscape:
The polysilicon market's competitive environment is impacted by a combination of technological prowess, manufacturing capacity, cost efficiency, and geopolitical concerns. Companies with a competitive advantage spend on R&D and achieve greater efficiencies in polysilicon production. This entails manufacturing high-purity polysilicon at a lower cost and with a lower environmental impact. For example, the three largest manufacturers of polysilicon in the United States stressed that Chinese tariffs imposed on U.S.-made polysilicon over the past five years have put the industry at risk, making the U.S. effectively reliant on China for this critical material. Furthermore, the rise of the solar industry, advancements in semiconductor technology, and geopolitical shifts are expected to affect the future of the polysilicon market.
Recent Developments:
On October 21, 2022, Nowadays, Governor Gretchen Whitmer joined company officials and federal, state, and local leaders to break ground on Hemlock Semiconductor's (HSC) new expansion project at the company's Thomas Township operations. Governor Whitmer announced the project in September, bringing a planned investment of USD375 million and the creation of 170 high-wage jobs to Saginaw County and strengthening Michigan's leadership position in the semiconductor supply chain.
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:
GLOBAL POLYSILICON MARKET KEY PLAYERS
- Wacker Chemie AG
- Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation
- GCL-Poly Energy Holdings Limited
- Mitsubishi Polycrystalline
- Silicon America Corporation
- Tokuyama Corporation
- OCI Solar Power LLC
- REC Silicon ASA
- SunEdison Inc.
- Osaka Titanium Technologies Co. Ltd
- Daqo New Energy Corp.
- Qatar Solar Technologies
GLOBAL POLYSILICON MARKET, BY FORM TYPE
GLOBAL POLYSILICON MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- Solar Photovoltaic
- Electronics
GLOBAL POLYSILICON MARKET, BY REGION
- North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Russia
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Poland
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- India
- China
- South Korea
- Japan
- Australia
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Philippines
- Rest of APAC
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Rest of LATAM
- The Middle East and Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Israel
- Turkey
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Rest of MEA
Table of Contents
1. Polysilicon Market Overview
2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Market Snippet
- 2.1.1. Polysilicon Market Snippet by Form Type
- 2.1.2. Polysilicon Market Snippet by Application
- 2.1.3. Polysilicon Market Snippet by Country
- 2.1.4. Polysilicon Market Snippet by Region
- 2.2. Competitive Insights
3. Polysilicon Key Market Trends
- 3.1. Polysilicon Market Drivers
- 3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
- 3.2. Polysilicon Market Restraints
- 3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
- 3.3. Polysilicon Market Opportunities
- 3.4. Polysilicon Market Future Trends
4. Polysilicon Industry Study
- 4.1. PEST Analysis
- 4.2. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
- 4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis
5. Polysilicon Market: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
- 5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
- 5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
- 5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments
6. Polysilicon Market Landscape
- 6.1. Polysilicon Market Share Analysis, 2022
- 6.2. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
- 6.2.1. Established Players' Analysis
- 6.2.2. Emerging Players' Analysis
7. Polysilicon Market - By Form Type
- 7.1. Overview
- 7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Form Type, 2022 & 2030 (%)
- 7.1.2. Chunks
- 7.1.3. Granules
- 7.1.4. Rods
8. Polysilicon Market - By Application
- 8.1. Overview
- 8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Application, 2022 & 2030 (%)
- 8.1.2. Solar Photovoltaic
- 8.1.3. Electronics
9. Polysilicon Market- By Geography
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2022 & 2030 (%)
- 9.2. North America
- 9.2.1. Overview
- 9.2.2. Polysilicon Key Manufacturers in North America
- 9.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.6. U.S.
- 9.2.6.1. Overview
- 9.2.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.2.6.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.6.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.7. Canada
- 9.2.7.1. Overview
- 9.2.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.2.7.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.7.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3. Europe
- 9.3.1. Overview
- 9.3.2. Polysilicon Key Manufacturers in Europe
- 9.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.6. Germany
- 9.3.6.1. Overview
- 9.3.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.6.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.6.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.7. Italy
- 9.3.7.1. Overview
- 9.3.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.7.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.7.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.8. United Kingdom
- 9.3.8.1. Overview
- 9.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.8.3. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.8.4. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.9. France
- 9.3.9.1. Overview
- 9.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.9.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.9.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.10. Russia
- 9.3.10.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.10.2. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.10.3. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.11. Netherlands
- 9.3.11.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.11.2. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.11.3. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.12. Sweden
- 9.3.12.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.12.2. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.12.3. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.13. Poland
- 9.3.13.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.13.2. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.13.3. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.14. Rest of Europe
- 9.3.14.1. Overview
- 9.3.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.14.3. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.14.4. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4. Asia Pacific (APAC)
- 9.4.1. Overview
- 9.4.2. Polysilicon Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
- 9.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.6. India
- 9.4.6.1. Overview
- 9.4.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.6.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.6.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.7. China
- 9.4.7.1. Overview
- 9.4.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.7.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.7.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.8. Japan
- 9.4.8.1. Overview
- 9.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.8.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.8.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.9. South Korea
- 9.4.9.1. Overview
- 9.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.9.3. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.9.4. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.10. Australia
- 9.4.10.1. Overview
- 9.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.10.3. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.10.4. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.11. Thailand
- 9.4.11.1. Overview
- 9.4.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.11.3. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.11.4. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.12. Indonesia
- 9.4.12.1. Overview
- 9.4.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.12.3. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.12.4. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.13. Philippines
- 9.4.13.1. Overview
- 9.4.13.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.13.3. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.13.4. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.14. Rest of APAC
- 9.4.14.1. Overview
- 9.4.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.14.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.14.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5. Latin America
- 9.5.1. Overview
- 9.5.2. Polysilicon Key Manufacturers in Latin America
- 9.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.6. Brazil
- 9.5.6.1. Overview
- 9.5.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.6.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.6.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.7. Mexico
- 9.5.7.1. Overview
- 9.5.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.7.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.7.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.8. Argentina
- 9.5.8.1. Overview
- 9.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.8.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.8.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.9. Colombia
- 9.5.9.1. Overview
- 9.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.9.3. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.9.4. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.10. Rest of LATAM
- 9.5.10.1. Overview
- 9.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.10.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.10.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6. Middle East and Africa
- 9.6.1. Overview
- 9.6.2. Polysilicon Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
- 9.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.6. Saudi Arabia
- 9.6.6.1. Overview
- 9.6.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.6.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.6.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.7. United Arab Emirates
- 9.6.7.1. Overview
- 9.6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.7.3. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.7.4. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.8. Israel
- 9.6.8.1. Overview
- 9.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.8.3. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.8.4. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.9. Turkey
- 9.6.9.1. Overview
- 9.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.9.3. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.9.4. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.10. Algeria
- 9.6.10.1. Overview
- 9.6.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.10.3. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.10.4. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.11. Egypt
- 9.6.11.1. Overview
- 9.6.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.11.3. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.11.4. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.12. Rest of MEA
- 9.6.12.1. Overview
- 9.6.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.12.3. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Form Type, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.12.4. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
10. Key Vendor Analysis- Polysilicon Industry
- 10.1. Competitive Dashboard
- 10.2. Company Profiles
- 10.2.1. Wacker Chemie AG
- 10.2.2. Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation
- 10.2.3. GCL-Poly Energy Holdings Limited
- 10.2.4. Mitsubishi Polycrystalline
- 10.2.5. Silicon America Corporation
- 10.2.6. Tokuyama Corporation
- 10.2.7. OCI Solar Power LLC
- 10.2.8. REC Silicon ASA
- 10.2.9. SunEdison Inc.
- 10.2.10. Osaka Titanium Technologies Co. Ltd
- 10.2.11. Daqo New Energy Corp.
- 10.2.12. Qatar Solar Technologies
11. 360 Degree Analyst View
12. Appendix
- 12.1. Research Methodology
- 12.2. References
- 12.3. Abbreviations
- 12.4. Disclaimer
- 12.5. Contact Us