水稻生產排放方法與創新：經濟評估與現實可行性分析

稻米生產是世界各地數百萬人的糧食安全和經濟生計的基石，特別是在以稻米為主食的亞洲。

然而，傳統的水稻種植會嚴重排放溫室氣體（GHG），特別是甲烷（CH2）和氧化亞氮（N2O）。隨著世界人口的成長（預計到 2050 年將增加 34%），稻米生產面臨越來越大的壓力，既要滿足需求，又要盡量減少對環境的影響。

近年來，包括歐盟綠色協議和全球甲烷承諾在內的全球政策和舉措都將減少農業排放作為實現氣候變遷目標的關鍵步驟。特別是，歐盟綠色協議的目標是歐盟到2050年實現氣候中和，中期目標包括2030年減少50%的化學農藥使用量和20%的化肥施用量。這些法規不僅影響歐洲市場，也影響與歐盟有大量農產品貿易的國家，透過補貼、碳權和技術投資鼓勵永續做法。

雖然稻米生產對全球糧食安全至關重要，但其高溫室氣體 (GHG)排放使其越來越面臨適應永續做法的壓力。光是水淹稻田的甲烷排放就約佔世界農業甲烷排放總量的 10-12%。隨著環境法規的收緊和市場對永續性的需求的增加，美國工業正處於關鍵時刻，需要創新來平衡生產力與環境管理。

為了實現上述物種目標，水稻產業正在採用各種排放技術，包括乾濕交替（AWD）、水稻強化系統（SRI）、精密農業工具和生物炭等土壤改良劑。這些方法不僅可以減少排放，還可以提高資源效率和作物產量。例如，AWD 可以減少高達 48% 的甲烷排放，而 SRI 則可以減少用水量並提高生產率，使其成為缺水地區頗具吸引力的方法。

本報告調查了水稻生產的排放方法和創新趨勢，提供了旨在減少排放的各種政策和舉措、排放技術的類型和概述、主要國家排放技術的採用率和成功指標等資訊，以及總結了排放技術的經濟評估。

目錄

執行摘要

調查範圍

第1章市場：產業展望

• 市場概況
• 監管狀況
• 傳統做法中的排放追蹤
• 水稻生產排放方法
  • AWD (Alternate Wetting and Drying)
  • 水稻好氧栽培
  • SRI (System of Rice Intensification)
  • 甲烷排放戰略
  • 氧化亞氮排放策略
  • 稻田固碳

第2章 稻米生產創新技術與實踐

• 作物監測
• VRT
• 精準種植
• 灌溉技術
• 資料管理與支援系統
• 作物殘茬管理
• 排放技術採用率和成功指標（按主要國家）
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 印尼
  • 越南
  • 巴西
  • 日本
  • 美國
  • 韓國
  • 義大利
  • 西班牙
  • 希臘
  • 其他

第3章排放技術的經濟評價

• 各種技術的成本效益分析
• 減少排放的補貼和獎勵
• 排放技術的經濟影響指標
• 歐洲米生產商的投資報酬率分析
• 現實可行性分析
  • 實施挑戰
  • 成功案例
  • 排放活動可行性指標

第 4 章結論/建議

• 主要發現
• 技術和實務對未來排放目標的影響
• 歐洲稻米生產商採用科技的未來前景

第5章調查方法

Market Introduction

Rice production is a cornerstone of food security and economic livelihood for millions worldwide, particularly in Asia, where rice serves as a staple food. However, traditional rice cultivation practices contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially methane (CH2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), primarily due to flooded field conditions and fertilizer usage. As global populations grow, with an anticipated 34% increase by 2050, the pressure on rice production to meet demand while minimizing environmental impact is intensifying.

In recent years, global policies and initiatives, including the EU Green Deal and the Global Methane Pledge, have emphasized reducing agricultural emissions as a critical step toward achieving climate targets. The EU Green Deal, in particular, aims for the EU to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, with interim targets such as a 50% reduction in chemical pesticide use and a 20% reduction in fertilizer application by 2030. Such regulations not only influence European markets but also affect countries heavily engaged in agricultural trade with the EU, incentivizing sustainable practices through subsidies, carbon credits, and technological investments.

Industrial Impact

The rice production industry, while essential to global food security, faces increasing pressure to adapt to sustainable practices due to its significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Methane emissions from flooded rice paddies alone contribute approximately 10-12% of total global agricultural methane emissions. With heightened environmental regulations and market demands for sustainability, the rice industry is at a critical juncture, requiring innovations that balance productivity with environmental stewardship.

Key policies such as the EU Green Deal, Global Methane Pledge, and national climate commitments are pushing countries to implement emission reduction strategies in agriculture, including rice farming. For instance, under the EU Green Deal, the European Commission (EC) has set ambitious goals for the agricultural sector: reducing pesticide use by 50%, fertilizer use by 20%, and shifting 25% of farmland to organic practices by 2030. These regulations influence not only EU rice markets but also impact major rice-exporting countries that trade with the EU, spurring them to align with sustainable practices.

To meet these targets, the rice industry is embracing various emission reduction technologies such as Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), System of Rice Intensification (SRI), precision agriculture tools, and soil amendments like biochar. These methods not only decrease emissions but also enhance resource efficiency and crop yields. For instance, AWD can reduce methane emissions by up to 48%, while SRI reduces water use and improves productivity, making it an attractive method in water-scarce regions.

Several industrial players, including agricultural technology firms and seed producers, are developing new tools to support emission reduction in rice farming. Companies like Deere & Company and Syngenta have invested in precision agriculture equipment, while BASF SE and Yara International are working on low-emission fertilizers. Additionally, collaborations between governments and private enterprises are on the rise. Through programs like the EU's Horizon 2020, funding and incentives are directed towards sustainable rice production initiatives, including water-saving technologies, controlled-release fertilizers, and smart agriculture practices.

Despite these advancements, the industry faces significant challenges. The high initial cost of technology, limited access to funding for smallholder farmers, and inadequate technical support hinder the large-scale adoption of emission reduction methods. Moreover, successful adoption of data-driven systems like Variable Rate Technology (VRT) or Data Management Supporting Systems (DMSS) requires robust infrastructure and digital literacy, both of which are often lacking in rural rice-growing regions.

Nonetheless, the industry impact of emission reduction in rice farming is promising. By implementing sustainable practices, rice producers can improve their resilience to climate impacts, gain access to carbon credit markets, and meet rising consumer demand for sustainable products. If adopted widely, these practices could contribute significantly to reducing global agricultural emissions and advancing climate goals, while also opening new economic opportunities within the rice production sector.

Adoption of Water Management Practices-particularly Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD)

A crucial factor in reducing emissions in rice production is the adoption of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), a water management practice that lowers methane emissions by up to 48%. Unlike traditional continuous flooding, AWD involves intermittently drying fields, which interrupts methane-producing bacteria. This method not only reduces emissions but also cuts water use by about 30%, benefiting areas with water scarcity and lowering irrigation costs. AWD is cost-effective and accessible for smallholders, yet challenges remain, including the need for farmer training and technical support. With proper incentives and support, AWD has the potential to be a cornerstone in sustainable, low-emission rice farming.

Recent Developments

• Public-Private Investments: Programs like the EU's Horizon 2020 have funded numerous projects in sustainable rice farming. Companies such as Deere & Company, Syngenta, and Yara International are developing and promoting technologies like controlled-release fertilizers, precision irrigation, and crop monitoring systems to support emission reduction goals.
• Adoption of Smart Farming Technologies: Precision tools such as Variable Rate Technology (VRT) and drones are gaining traction in major rice-producing regions. These technologies enable optimized use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, reducing emissions and conserving resources.
• Carbon Sequestration Initiatives: Agroforestry and conservation tillage in rice paddies are being adopted to enhance soil carbon storage. Countries such as India and Vietnam are integrating carbon credit programs with these practices, creating financial incentives for farmers to adopt sustainable techniques.
• Government-Led Incentives: Governments in Asia, the U.S., and the EU are introducing incentives, subsidies, and carbon credits for emission reduction technologies in rice production. Vietnam's VnSAT project and India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) offer support for farmers adopting water-saving methods like AWD and SRI.

How Can This Report Add Value to an Organization?

Product/Innovation Strategy: The report provides insights into various emission reduction methods in rice production, such as Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), System of Rice Intensification (SRI), and precision irrigation. These sustainable practices enable rice producers to align with global climate goals and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, primarily methane and nitrous oxide. By detailing each method's efficiency, cost-benefit analysis, and adoption challenges, the report equips stakeholders with a comprehensive understanding of how these technologies can be implemented across key rice-producing regions. The report highlights opportunities to capitalize on carbon credit schemes and government subsidies that incentivize the adoption of emission reduction technologies, offering a practical guide for organizations aiming to invest in low-emission rice production.

Growth/Marketing Strategy: The report analyzes significant developments in sustainable rice farming, including technological advancements, partnerships, and policy-driven incentives that promote emission reduction. Key players in the rice sector, such as technology providers and agricultural equipment manufacturers, are launching products and expanding operations to support sustainable practices. The report also outlines strategic partnerships, such as collaborations between government agencies and agricultural technology companies to facilitate training and equipment access for smallholders. For example, in 2024, several rice-producing countries in Asia and the U.S. rolled out AWD and crop residue management programs, supported by subsidies and financial incentives. These developments create an avenue for companies to broaden their customer base while meeting rising demand for sustainable, low-emission rice production solutions.

Competitive Strategy: The report profiles key rice-producing countries, comparing their progress in adopting emission reduction methods and sustainable farming practices. It analyzes the regulatory frameworks, infrastructure availability, and financial support that influence adoption rates in countries like China, India, Vietnam, and the United States. This competitive analysis helps stakeholders understand how countries stack against each other in emission reduction efforts and market maturity for sustainable rice farming. The report further explores regional incentives and barriers, providing a clear landscape of opportunities for companies to tailor their strategies according to each country's sustainability goals and regulatory requirements. This analysis helps organizations identify competitive advantages and potential areas for strategic expansion within the global low-emission rice production market.

Methodology

Primary Research

The primary sources involve the emission reduction from rice production industry experts and stakeholders such as platform developers and service providers. Respondents such as vice presidents, CEOs, marketing directors, and technology and innovation directors have been interviewed to verify this research study's qualitative and quantitative aspects.

The key data points taken from primary sources include:

• validation and triangulation of all the numbers and graphs
• understanding the competitive landscape of different technologies

Secondary Research

This research study involves the usage of extensive secondary research, directories, company websites, and annual reports. It also makes use of databases, such as Hoovers, Bloomberg, Businessweek, and Factiva, to collect useful and effective information for an extensive, technical, market-oriented, and commercial study of the global market. In addition to the aforementioned data sources, the study has been undertaken with the help of other data sources and websites, such as www.fao.org and www.worldbank.org.

Secondary research was done to obtain crucial information about the industry's value chain, revenue models, the market's monetary chain, the total pool of key players, and the current and potential use cases and applications.

The key data points taken from secondary research include:

• qualitative insights into various aspects of the market, key trends, and emerging areas of innovation
• quantitative data for mathematical and statistical calculations

Key Countries

The countries that are analysed have been selected based on inputs gathered from analysing the country's imports, export, and agricultural trade agreements.

Some major countries analysed in this report are:

• China
• India
• Indonesia
• Vietnam
• Japan
• U.S.
• South Korea
• Italy
• Spain
• Greece
• Other

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Scope of the Study

1 Market: Industry Outlook

• 1.1 Market Overview
  • 1.1.1 Trend Analysis
    • 1.1.1.1 Global Rice Production, 2019-2023
    • 1.1.1.2 Global Rice Consumption, 2019-2023
• 1.2 Regulatory Landscape
• 1.3 Emission Tracking in Traditional Practice, 2019-2023
• 1.4 Emission Reduction Methods in Rice Production
  • 1.4.1 Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD)
  • 1.4.2 Aerobic Rice Cultivation
  • 1.4.3 System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
  • 1.4.4 Methane Emission Reduction Strategies
    • 1.4.4.1 Methane Capture and Use
    • 1.4.4.2 Soil Amendments
    • 1.4.4.3 Water Management
  • 1.4.5 Nitrous Oxide Emission Reduction Strategies
    • 1.4.5.1 Controlled-Release Fertilizers
    • 1.4.5.2 Nitrification Inhibitors
    • 1.4.5.3 Proper Irrigation and Drainage
  • 1.4.6 Carbon Sequestration in Rice Fields
    • 1.4.6.1 Conservation Tillage
    • 1.4.6.2 Agroforestry
    • 1.4.6.3 Expected Emission Reduction with AgroForestry Adoption
    • 1.4.6.4 Cover Cropping

2 Innovative Technologies and Practices for Rice Production

• 2.1 Crop Monitoring
• 2.2 VRT
• 2.3 Precision Planting
• 2.4 Irrigation Technology
• 2.5 Data Management and Supporting System
• 2.6 Crop Residue Management
• 2.7 Adoption Rate and Succes Metrix of Emission Reduction Technology (by Key Country)
  • 2.7.1 China
  • 2.7.2 India
  • 2.7.3 Indonesia
  • 2.7.4 Vietnam
  • 2.7.5 Brazil
  • 2.7.6 Japan
  • 2.7.7 U.S.
  • 2.7.8 South Korea
  • 2.7.9 Italy
  • 2.7.10 Spain
  • 2.7.11 Greece
  • 2.7.12 Others

3 Economic Assessment of Emission Reduction Technologies

• 3.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Various Technologies
• 3.2 Subsidies and Incentives Available for Emission Reduction
• 3.3 Economic Impact Metrics of Emission Reduction Technologies
• 3.4 ROI Analysis for European Rice Producers
• 3.5 Practical Viability Analysis
  • 3.5.1 Implementation Challenges
  • 3.5.2 Case Studies of Successful Implementations
  • 3.5.3 Viability Metrics for Emission Reduction Practices

4 Conclusion and Recommendations

• 4.1 Key Findings
• 4.2 Implications of Technologies and Practices on Future Emission Reduction Goals
• 4.3 Future Outlook for European Rice Producer's Technology Adoption

5 Research Methodology

• 5.1 Data Sources
  • 5.1.1 Primary Data Sources
  • 5.1.2 Secondary Data Sources

List of Figures

• Figure 1: Three Objectives of Emission Reduction Methods and Innovations in Rice Production
• Figure 2: Major Sectors of GHG Emissions in Agriculture
• Figure 3: Emission Reduction Techniques
• Figure 4: Framework of Emissions Reduction from Rice Production
• Figure 5: Global Rice Production Trends (2019-2023)
• Figure 6: Global Rice Consumption Trends (2019-2023)
• Figure 7: Top 10 Rice Consuming Countries (2020-2021 and 2022-2023: Annual Average Consumption, Milled Basis
• Figure 8: Overview of Emissions Tracked from Traditional Rice Production
• Figure 9: Year-Wise Percentage Increase for Emissions in Traditional Rice Production from 2019 To 2023
• Figure 10: Benefits of Alternate Wetting and Drying Method
• Figure 11: Countries Representing Alternate Wetting and Drying Method
• Figure 12: Countries Representing Alternate Wetting and Drying Method
• Figure 13: Key Benefits
• Figure 14: Why to Transform Conventional Rice to Aerobic Rice
• Figure 15: Adoption of Aerobic Rice Cultivation Method
• Figure 16: Countries With SRI Utilization in their NDCs
• Figure 17: Benefits and Adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
• Figure 18: Global Consumption of CRFs vs Nitrogen Fertilizers
• Figure 19: Expected Emission Reduction with AgroForestry Adoption
• Figure 20: Patents Filed or Granted for Agroforestry (Global), January 2018-December 2022
• Figure 21: Importance of Crop Monitoring in Rice Production
• Figure 22: Importance of Crop Monitoring in Rice Production
• Figure 23: Importance of Crop Monitoring in Rice Production
• Figure 24: Benefits of VRT in Rice Production
• Figure 25: VRT Implementation
• Figure 26: Technologies Adopted
• Figure 27: Expected Emission Reduction with Precision Agriculture Adoption
• Figure 28: Different Types of Irrigation Technology
• Figure 29: Global Framework of Irrigation Technology
• Figure 30: Regional Analysis of Irrigation Technology for Rice Production:
• Figure 31: Case Study: The success story
• Figure 32: Major Methods:
• Figure 33: Regional Focus and Government Initiatives on Crop Residue Management
• Figure 34: Highlights of Economic Impacts
• Figure 35: Highlights of Sensitivity Analysis
• Figure 36: Implementation Challenges from Various Emission Reduction Technologies
• Figure 37: EU's Action Plan for Promoting the Farm-to-Fork Strategy
• Figure 38: Emission Reduction Methods and Innovations in Rice Production: Focus on Economic Assessment and Practical Viability Analysis: Research Methodology

List of Tables

• Table 1: Regulatory Landscape
• Table 2: Comparison between SRI and Conventional Method of Rice Cultivation
• Table 3: Adoption Rate and Succes Matrix of Emission Reduction Technology (by Key Country)
• Table 4: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
• Table 5: Subsidies and Incentives for Emission Reduction Technologies in Rice Production
• Table 6: Economic Impact Metrics of Emission Reduction Technologies in Rice Production
• Table 7: Summary of Economic Impact Metrics
• Table 8: Subsidies and Incentives for Emission Reduction Technologies in Rice Production
• Table 9: Viability Metrics for Emission Reduction Practices in Rice Production