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市場調查報告書
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1542965

全球緩蝕劑市場 - 2024-2031

Global Corrosion Inhibitors Market - 2024-2031

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 201 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

報告概述

2023年全球緩蝕劑市場規模達82.9億美元,預計2031年將達到118.4億美元,2024-2031年預測期間複合年成長率為4.56%。

全球腐蝕抑制劑市場的發展得益於生物基腐蝕抑制劑的採用,生物基腐蝕抑制劑有助於產業遵守法規、減少碳足跡並促進永續實踐。生物基腐蝕抑制劑正在興起,因為它們由可再生資源產生,可生物分解,並且比傳統同類產品對環境的影響更小。

預計在預測期內,有機腐蝕抑制劑將佔全球腐蝕抑制劑市場的近30%。有機腐蝕抑制劑是更安全的選擇,因為它們無毒、不易燃,並且不會釋放或釋放很少的揮發性有機化合物 (VOC)。由於其更安全的性質,該部分適合在工人健康和安全至關重要的部門使用

市場動態

石油和天然氣行業的需求不斷成長,因為它更容易腐蝕

根據 NACE International(美國腐蝕工程師協會)統計,美國石油和天然氣產業每年因腐蝕造成的損失估計為 270 億美元。透過在整個過程中使用耐腐蝕材料並使用與腐蝕相關的製程可以降低成本。工業中使用緩蝕劑可以最大限度地減少維護和維修成本,延長設備的使用壽命並減少生產損失,從而在預測期內推動全球緩蝕劑市場的發展。

截至2023年6月30日,印度天然氣管理局有限公司(GAIL)擁有印度最大的天然氣管網,總長33,815公里。隨著石油、天然氣和電力生產項目的擴大,有機緩蝕劑市場將大幅成長。因此,不斷增加的石油和天然氣項目預計將在預測期內推動全球有機腐蝕抑制劑市場的發展。

保養及維修業

隨著工業和基礎設施的老化,它們需要日常維護和維修,以確保最大的性能和使用壽命。腐蝕是許多行業的一個主要問題,包括石油和天然氣、電力生產、化學加工、運輸和製造。緩蝕劑是防止腐蝕的關鍵工具,因此在維護和維修業務中至關重要。

緩蝕劑對於避免資產故障至關重要。腐蝕可能會導致設備和建築物嚴重退化,從而導致故障、運作中斷和嚴重的安全問題。緩蝕劑是防止設備、管線和建築物腐蝕的有效選擇,可降低故障的可能性以及由此產生的昂貴維修需求。

對環境的有害影響

重金屬鹽和無機鹽長期以來被用作緩蝕劑。鉻酸鹽、2-和5-磷酸鋅、多磷酸鹽和正磷酸鹽是最普遍且最具成本效益的塗料和油漆。由於發現這些材料對人類和環境都有害,因此它們的廣泛使用現已受到限制。

隨後訂定了各種法規,例如1986年的《應急計劃和社區知情權法案》、19938年的OSHA(美國職業安全與健康管理局)法規以及英國和一些歐洲國家遵循的CHARM(化學危害評估和風險管理)模式。在過去 10-15 年裡,關於危害較小的腐蝕抑制劑的出版物數量龐大。

細分市場分析

全球腐蝕抑制劑市場根據產品、類型、最終用戶和地區進行細分。

石油和天然氣管道日益嚴重的腐蝕

由於石油和天然氣行業緩蝕劑的使用量不斷增加,石油和天然氣終端用戶市場是最大的,預計將在全球緩蝕劑市場中佔據很大佔有率。腐蝕在石油和天然氣管道中很常見。根據材料保護與性能協會(AMPP,前身為 NACE)的數據,腐蝕每年對全球經濟造成約 2.5 兆美元的損失和損害。

從調試到退役,管道始終面臨腐蝕風險,因為它們是將石油和天然氣從井口輸送到加工設施的一種方法。根據美國能源情報署的數據,到2023 年,全球液體燃料消耗量將增加160 萬桶/日,而2023 年平均為9,940 萬桶/日。 。

市場地域佔有率

北美不斷成長的基礎設施項目

由於該地區擁有完善的石油和天然氣、化學和發電等行業,預計在預測期內,北美將以全球最快的複合年成長率發展。該地區的緩蝕劑需求是由這些行業對緩蝕劑的巨大需求所驅動的,以保護其機械和基礎設施。

此外,根據國際能源總署的數據,美國是世界第二大再生能源市場,在渦輪機、齒輪箱、管道和其他設備的維護和運作方面投入大量資金。此外,在北美還有多家當代緩蝕劑生產工廠和研發中心。因此,該地區能夠開發出最高品質的尖端腐蝕抑制劑,以滿足眾多行業的不同需求。

市場競爭格局

全球主要參與者包括 Nouryon、Cortec Corporation、Ashland Inc.、Ecolab、Henkel Iberica, SA、The Lubrizol Company、BASF SE、Solvay SA、DuPont de Nemours, Inc. 和 Dai - Ichi India Pvt Ltd.。

COVID-19 影響分析

由於COVID-19大流行的意外爆發,世界各國採取了封鎖規定,影響了緩蝕劑的進出口。緩蝕劑用於各種應用,例如水處理、製程和產品添加劑以及各種最終用途行業的石油和天然氣生產。

由於疫情和停工,商品和服務的購買減少,這有意影響了緩蝕劑業務。旅行限制和封鎖對該行業產生了重大影響,導致商品難以在海外銷售。最後,由於所有限制都已解除,這種情況可能已經結束了。由於復甦速度較快,全球經濟可能會出現快速反彈。

俄烏戰爭影響分析

俄烏戰爭引發地緣政治風險與不確定性,影響市場穩定與投資者信心。地緣政治局勢可能會影響緩蝕劑的交易和採購方式。衝突有可能導致該地區的不確定性和不穩定,這可能會影響整體緩蝕劑市場需求。

嚴重依賴腐蝕抑制劑的石油和天然氣產業可能會因地緣政治緊張局勢或基礎設施損壞而遭受營運中斷。工業活動的減少可能會導致受影響地區對腐蝕抑制劑的需求減少。

按產品分類

  • 有機的
  • 無機

按類型

  • 水性
  • 油基

按最終用戶

  • 發電
  • 石油和天然氣
  • 紙漿和造紙
  • 金屬加工
  • 化學加工
  • 水處理
  • 其他

按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 法國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 亞太
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亞太其他地區
  • 中東和非洲

主要進展

  • 2023 年 3 月,Cortec Group 表示,一種用於水壓測試的新型腐蝕抑制劑已通過認證,符合 ANSI/NSF 標準 61 要求。因此,它可以安全地用於飲用水系統組件,為想要建造、安裝或維修符合水力測試安全標準的飲用水系統的個人創造了機會。
  • 2022 年 1 月,巴斯夫歐洲公司與 Innospec Fuel Specialties LLC 合作,提高乙醇產量業務的價值。該關係是透過一項向美國乙醇工廠提供 DCI-1 Plus ClearTrak 的協議而建立的。 DCI 是一種濃縮腐蝕抑制劑,旨在防止金屬腐蝕,同時保持乙醇的 pH 值。

為什麼購買報告?

  • 根據產品、類型、最終用戶和地區可視化全球腐蝕抑制劑市場細分,並了解關鍵商業資產和參與者。
  • 透過分析趨勢和共同開發來識別商業機會。
  • Excel資料表包含所有細分市場的腐蝕抑制劑市場級的大量資料點。
  • PDF 報告由詳盡的質性訪談和深入研究後的綜合分析組成。
  • 產品映射以 Excel 形式提供,包含所有主要參與者的關鍵產品。

全球腐蝕抑制劑市場報告將提供約 61 個表格、59 個圖表和 201 頁。

2024 年目標受眾

  • 製造商/買家
  • 產業投資者/投資銀行家
  • 研究專業人員
  • 新興公司

目錄

第 1 章:方法與範圍

第 2 章:定義與概述

第 3 章:執行摘要

第 4 章:動力學

第 5 章:影響因素

  • 促進要素
    • 石油和天然氣行業的需求不斷成長,因為它更容易腐蝕
    • 保養及維修業
  • 限制
    • 對環境的有害影響
  • 機會
  • 影響分析

第 6 章:產業分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供應鏈分析
  • 定價分析
  • 監管分析

第 7 章:COVID-19 分析

第 8 章:依產品

  • 有機的
  • 無機

第 9 章:按類型

  • 水性
  • 油基

第 10 章:最終用戶

  • 發電
  • 石油和天然氣
  • 紙漿和造紙
  • 金屬加工
  • 化學加工
  • 水處理
  • 其他

第 11 章:按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 法國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 亞太
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亞太其他地區
  • 中東和非洲

第 12 章:競爭格局

  • 競爭場景
  • 市場定位/佔有率分析
  • 併購分析

第 13 章:公司簡介

  • Nouryon
    • 公司概況
    • 產品組合和描述
    • 主要亮點
    • 財務概覽
  • Cortec Corporation
  • Ashland Inc.
  • Ecolab
  • Henkel Iberica, SA
  • The Lubrizol Company
  • BASF SE
  • Solvay SA
  • DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
  • Dai - Ichi India Pvt Ltd (*LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE)

第 14 章:附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: CH4618

Report Overview

Global Corrosion Inhibitors Market reached US$ 8.29 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 11.84 billion by 2031 growing with a CAGR of 4.56% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

The global corrosion inhibitors market is being driven by the adoption of bio-based corrosion inhibitors that helps industries comply with regulations, reduce their carbon footprint and promote sustainable practices. Bio-based corrosion inhibitors are rising since they are generated from renewable resources, are biodegradable and have lesser environmental implications than conventional counterparts.

Organic corrosion inhibitors are expected to account for nearly 30% of the global corrosion inhibitors market during the forecast period. Organic corrosion inhibitors are a safer preference since they are non-toxic, non-flammable and emit no or little volatile organic compound (VOC). Due to their safer nature, the segment is appropriate for use in sectors where worker health and safety are critical

Market Dynamics

The Rising Demand from Oil & Gas Industry as it is More Prone to Corrosion

According to NACE International (National Association of Corrosion Engineers), the yearly cost of corrosion to the oil and gas sector in U.S. is estimated to be US$ 27 billion. Costs can be reduced by using corrosion-resistant materials throughout and using corrosion-related processes. Corrosion inhibitors are used in industries to minimize maintenance and repair costs, extend the functional lifespan of equipment and reduce production loss, driving the global corrosion inhibitors market during the forecast period.

As of June 30, 2023, the Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL) has the largest natural gas pipeline network in India, with 33,815 km. The market for organic corrosion inhibitors will rise significantly as oil and gas and power production projects expand. As a result, the rising oil & gas projects is expected to boost the global organic corrosion inhibitors market during the forecast period.

Maintenance and Repair Sector

As industries and infrastructure age, they require routine maintenance and repair to guarantee maximum performance and lifespan. Corrosion is a major issue for many industries, including oil & gas, power production, chemical processing, transportation and manufacturing. Corrosion inhibitors are critical instruments in the fight against the prevention of corrosion, making them essential in the maintenance and repair business.

Corrosion inhibitors are crucial for avoiding asset failures. Corrosion may cause considerable degradation in equipment and buildings, resulting in malfunctions, interruptions in operations and serious safety issues. Corrosion inhibitors are an efficient option for preventing corrosion in equipment, pipelines and buildings, lowering the chance of failure and resulting need for costly repairs.

The Harmful Impact on Environment

Heavy metal salts and inorganic salts have long been utilized as corrosion inhibitors. Chromates, between 2- and 5-zinc phosphates, polyphosphates and orthophosphates are the most prevalent and cost-effective coatings and paints. Since it has been discovered that these materials are hazardous to both humans and the environment, their widespread usage is now restricted.

Various regulations followed, such as the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986, OSHA (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations in 19938 and the CHARM (Chemical Hazard Assessment and Risk Management) model followed by UK and some European countries. It has resulted in a huge number of publications in the last 10-15 years about less hazardous corrosion inhibitors.

Market Segment Analysis

The global corrosion inhibitors market is segmented based on product, type, end-user and region.

The Growing Corrosion in Oil & Gas Pipelines

The oil & gas end-user segment, which is the largest, is projected to account for a significant share of the global corrosion inhibitors market, owing to the rising usage of corrosion inhibitors in the oil & gas sector. Corrosion is common in oil and gas pipelines. According to the Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP, formerly NACE), corrosion causes about US$ 2.5 trillion in losses and damages to the worldwide economy each year.

Pipelines are always exposed to corrosion risks due to their function as a method of transferring oil and gas from well heads to processing facilities, from the period of commissioning until decommissioning. As per U.S. Energy Information Administration, global liquid fuel consumption will rise by 1.6 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2023, from an average of 99.4 million b/d in 2023. According to their projection, consumption will increase by 1.7 million b/d in 2024.

Market Geographical Share

The Growing Infrastructure Projects in North America

North America is expected to develop at the fastest CAGR in the global corrosion inhibitors market during the forecast period, owing to the region's well-established industries such as oil and gas, chemical and power generation. The region's corrosion inhibitor demand is driven by these sectors' significant requirement for corrosion inhibitors to protect their machinery and infrastructure.

Furthermore, according to the International Energy Agency, U.S. is the world's second biggest renewable energy market, investing much in the maintenance and operation of turbines, gearboxes, pipelines and other equipment. In addition, there are several contemporary corrosion inhibitor production plants and research and development centres in North America. Therefore, the area is able to develop cutting-edge corrosion inhibitors of the highest quality that can suit the diverse needs of numerous industries.

Market Competitive Landscape

The major global players include Nouryon, Cortec Corporation, Ashland Inc., Ecolab, Henkel Iberica, S.A., The Lubrizol Company, BASF SE, Solvay SA, DuPont de Nemours, Inc. and Dai - Ichi India Pvt Ltd.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

As a result of the unexpected outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, nations throughout the world adopted lockdown rules, affecting corrosion inhibitor import and export. Corrosion inhibitors are used in various applications such as water treatment, process and product additives and oil & gas production in a variety of end-use industries.

Because of the epidemic and shutdown, there is a decrease in the buying of goods and services, which has intentionally affected the corrosion inhibitors business. Travel restrictions and lockdown have had a significant influence on the sector, making it difficult to market the goods abroad. Finally, the situation may be over now that all limitations have been lifted. The global economy might experience a fast rebound due to the rapid rate of recovery.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

Russia-Ukraine war has raised geopolitical risk and uncertainty, affecting market stability and investor confidence. The geopolitical situation could impact how corrosion inhibitors are traded and sourced. The conflict has the potential to cause uncertainty and instability in the region, which might have an influence on overall corrosion inhibitor market demand.

Oil and gas industries, which rely heavily on corrosion inhibitors, may experience operational disruptions as a result of geopolitical tensions or infrastructural damage. Reduced industrial activity may lead to a decrease in demand for corrosion inhibitors in impacted areas.

By Product

  • Organic
  • In-organic

By Type

  • Water-based
  • Oil-based

By End-User

  • Power Generation
  • Oil & Gas
  • Pulp And Paper
  • Metal Processing
  • Chemical Processing
  • Water Treatment
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In March 2023, Cortec Group stated that a novel corrosion inhibitor for hydrostatic testing has been certified to fulfill the ANSI/NSF Standard 61 requirements. As a result, it was safe to use in drinking water system components, creating opportunities for individuals who want to build, install or service drinking water systems that meet hydro testing safety standards.
  • In January 2022, BASF SE collaborated with Innospec Fuel Specialties LLC to increase the value of the ethanol yield business. The relationship was formed through an agreement to provide DCI-1 Plus ClearTrak to ethanol plants in the United States. The DCI was a concentrated corrosion inhibitor intended to prevent metal corrosion while maintaining the pH of ethanol.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global corrosion inhibitors market segmentation based on product, type, end-user and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of corrosion inhibitors market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global corrosion inhibitors market report would provide approximately 61 tables, 59 figures and 201 pages.

Target Audience 2024

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Market Snippet by Product
  • 3.2. Market Snippet by Type
  • 3.3. Market Snippet by End-User
  • 3.4. Market Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

5. Impacting Factors

  • 5.1. Drivers
    • 5.1.1. The Rising Demand from Oil & Gas Industry as it is More Prone to Corrosion
    • 5.1.2. Maintenance and Repair Sector
  • 5.2. Restraints
    • 5.2.1. The harmful impact on environment
  • 5.3. Opportunity
  • 5.4. Impact Analysis

6. Industry Analysis

  • 6.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 6.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 6.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 6.4. Regulatory Analysis

7. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 7.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 7.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 7.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 7.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 7.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 7.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 7.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 7.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 7.6. Conclusion

8. By Product

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Product
  • 8.2. Organic*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Inorganic

9. By Type

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 9.2. Water-based*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Oil-based

10. By End-User

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
  • 10.2. Power Generation*
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3. Oil & Gas
  • 10.4. Pulp And Paper
  • 10.5. Metal Processing
  • 10.6. Chemical Processing
  • 10.7. Water Treatment
  • 10.8. Others

11. By Region

  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
  • 11.3. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 11.4. North America
    • 11.4.1. Introduction
    • 11.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 11.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.4.6.1. U.S.
      • 11.4.6.2. Canada
      • 11.4.6.3. Mexico
  • 11.5. Europe
    • 11.5.1. Introduction
    • 11.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 11.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.5.6.1. Germany
      • 11.5.6.2. UK
      • 11.5.6.3. France
      • 11.5.6.4. Italy
      • 11.5.6.5. Spain
      • 11.5.6.6. Rest of Europe
  • 11.6. South America
    • 11.6.1. Introduction
    • 11.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 11.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.6.6.1. Brazil
      • 11.6.6.2. Argentina
      • 11.6.6.3. Rest of South America
  • 11.7. Asia-Pacific
    • 11.7.1. Introduction
    • 11.7.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.7.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 11.7.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.7.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.7.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.7.6.1. China
      • 11.7.6.2. India
      • 11.7.6.3. Japan
      • 11.7.6.4. Australia
      • 11.7.6.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 11.8. Middle East and Africa
    • 11.8.1. Introduction
    • 11.8.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.8.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 11.8.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.8.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

12. Competitive Landscape

  • 12.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 12.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 12.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

13. Company Profiles

  • 13.1. Nouryon
    • 13.1.1. Company Overview
    • 13.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 13.1.3. Key Highlights
    • 13.1.4. Financial Overview
  • 13.2. Cortec Corporation
  • 13.3. Ashland Inc.
  • 13.4. Ecolab
  • 13.5. Henkel Iberica, S.A.
  • 13.6. The Lubrizol Company
  • 13.7. BASF SE
  • 13.8. Solvay SA
  • 13.9. DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
  • 13.10. Dai - Ichi India Pvt Ltd (*LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE)

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. About Us and Services
  • 14.2. Contact Us