水泥及混凝土產業的脫碳化

排放的水泥產業正在大力脫碳，目標是到 2050 年將水泥和混凝土的淨產量減少到零。為此，降低水泥生產中的熟料係數、使用替代燃料、CCUS、減碳混凝土等新技術正在引起人們的注意。各國政府以及水泥產業主要參與者的聯盟和倡議已經推出了多項政策。然而，為了在2050年實現網路中和，不僅需要水泥生產過程脫碳，還需要整個價值鏈脫碳。這包括北美等主要進口國和亞洲等主要出口國的努力。

水泥產業是重要產業，佔全球排放量的8%（建築業中排放量最大）。為了鼓勵減排，該行業制定了到 2050 年生產淨零水泥和混凝土的大膽目標。然而，該行業仍偏離正軌。 IEA 表示，要到 2050 年實現淨零排放，水泥產量需要在未來幾年內趨於穩定，排放量需要下降 20% 左右。由於全球對新建建築的高需求，特別是在快速城市化的國家，水泥是一個難以減少的行業。因此，水泥業必須研究一系列脫碳技術來減少排放，政府需要製定支持性立法和財政激勵措施。

脫碳技術包括輔助水泥材料、替代燃料、碳捕獲、利用和儲存以及綠色混凝土，並處於不同的開發和引進階段。它們都存在成本問題，有些還面臨原料短缺。另一種在市場上站穩腳跟的策略是循環策略，它促進廢棄物和廢棄物衍生燃料的使用。由於水泥生產所需的能源強度較高，完全電氣化是不可能的。相反，我們需要增加替代煤炭的替代燃料的佔有率並減少碳排放。碳捕獲技術現已在一些工廠早期實施，並正在努力抵消整體排放量。然而，CCUS基礎設施的成長緩慢，尤其是在水泥產量高的地區。新技術已經展示了一種使混凝土淨碳為負的潛在機制，儘管仍處於起步階段，但對於產業轉型可能至關重要。儘管目前成本高昂，但這項技術可能成為實現雄心勃勃但重要的淨零目標的寶貴資源。如果有正確的政府激勵措施和指導方針，這些技術預計將在未來十年內快速成長。

本報告對水泥和混凝土行業的脫碳情況進行了調查，總結了水泥和混凝土的碳排放情況、行業的脫碳政策、最大的進口國和出口國以及未來的前景。

目錄

• 摘要整理
• 水泥和混凝土的碳排放量
• 水泥產業的脫碳化政策
• 水泥的最大的進口國和出口國
• 脫碳化技術概要
• 水泥熟料係數

CCU

• 替代燃料
• 綠色混凝土
• 今後之道

The cement industry, a top emitter, is making efforts to significantly decarbonize the industry, as it is currently aiming to produce net-zero cement and concrete by 2050. In order to do so, new technologies have come to the fore, namely: reduction of the clinker factor in the production of cement, the use of alternative fuels, CCUS and carbon negative concrete. Numerous policies have been brought forward by governments as well as coalitions and initiatives from major players of the industry. However, decarbonization efforts will need to be made across the whole value chain, and not only during the process of cement production if net neutrality is to be reached by 2050. This includes efforts from both major importers such as North America, and major exporters such as Asia.

The cement industry is a significant global emitter, accounting for 8% of global emissions (the largest within the construction industry). To incentivize emission reductions, the sector has set the bold target to produce net-zero cement and concrete by 2050. However, the sector remains far off track. According to the IEA, cement production will need to plateau in the upcoming years, and emissions fall by around 20%, in order to reach net-zero by 2050. Cement is a hard to abate sector due to the large global demand for new construction, particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries. Due to this requirement, it is essential the sector engages with a range of decarbonizing technologies to tackle its emissions, and for governments to establish supportive legislation and financial incentives. Decarbonization technologies include supplementary cementitious material, alternative fuels, carbon capture, utilisation, and storage, and green concrete, which are in varying stages of development and implementation. All face issues of cost, and some face raw material shortages. Another strategy gaining a foothold in the market is circularity, which promotes usage of waste materials as well as fuels which come from waste. Cement production cannot be fully electrified due to the intensity of its energy requirements. Instead, the sector will need to increase the proportion of alternative fuels used to replace coal and reduce carbon emissions. Carbon capture technology is now in early stages of being implemented in some plants, working to offset their overall emissions. However, CCUS infrastructure is growing slowly, and this is particularly true in the regions that produce the most cement. New technologies have demonstrated potential mechanisms for making concrete net carbon negative, which while still in the very early stages, could be vital in transforming the industry. Cost is currently prohibitive, but the technologies could be a valuable resource in achieving the ambitious but essential net zero targets. With the right governmental incentives and guidelines, these technologies could witness rapid growth in the upcoming decade.

Scope

• Global CO2 emissions from the cement and concrete industry, relevant policies for the decarbonization of the industry, analysis of major importers and exporters of cement, analysis of different decarbonizing technologies such as reduction of clinker factor, use of alternative fuels, CCUS, carbon negative concrete.
• The cement industry is aiming to produce net-zero cement by 2050, but the global cement production must stay flat in order to meet net-zero targets. Major players in the industry such as CRH, Holcim, Cemex and Heidelberg Materials have set individual decarbonizing targets and joined coalitions to combine efforts to reach said targets. Whilst the largest exporter of cement is Asia-Pacific, the largest importers and Europe and North America. The key decarbonizing technologies within the industry are the reduction of clinker factor, the use of alternative fuels, CCUS and carbon negative concrete.

Reasons to Buy

• Identify the market trends within the industry and assess what the biggest players in cement production are doing to reduce emissions.
• Develop market insight of the major technologies used to decarbonize the industry, as well as the policy framework laid out by governments.
• Understand the role major exporters and importers play in decarbonizing the industry and which strategies they should adopt going forward.
• Facilitate the understanding of what is happening within hard to abate industries as they look to becoming carbon neutral by 2050.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

• Executive Summary
• Cement and concrete carbon emissions
• Policies to decarbonize the cement industry
• Largest importers and exporters of cement
• Introduction to decarbonizing technologies
• Clinker factor

CCUS

• Alternative fuels
• Green concrete
• The path forward

List of Tables

• Targeting emissions reductions by company
• Advantages and disadvantages of decarbonizing technologies
• Assessing decarbonization options for the cement industry

List of Figures

• Sources of emissions from cement
• Direct emissions intensity of cement production in the net-zero scenario (2015-2030)
• Global cement production in the net-zero scenario (2010-2030)
• Operational cement plants by region (2024)
• Upcoming cement plants by region (2024)
• Global CCS capacity (2020-2030)
• Global CCS capacity from cement industry (2020-2030)
• CCS capacity by region (2025-2030)
• CCUS projects government funding status (2025-2035)
• Total renewable fuels' production capacity (2025-2030)
• synthetic fuel production capacity (2025-2030)
• Alternative fuel rate