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市場調查報告書
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1588732

北美汽車售後市場產業規模、佔有率和趨勢分析報告:按替換零件、按分銷管道、按服務管道、按認證類型、按國家級別,2025-2030年預測

North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Size, Share & Trend Analysis Report By Replacement Part, By Distribution Channel, By Service Channel, By Certification Type, By Country-Level, And Segment Forecasts, 2025 - 2030

出版日期: | 出版商: Grand View Research | 英文 150 Pages | 商品交期: 2-10個工作天內

價格

產業規模及趨勢

預計2024年北美汽車售後市場產業規模將達1,087.3億美元,2025年至2030年複合年成長率預估為2.5%。道路上車輛平均車齡的增加推動了對更換零件和服務的需求,從而推動了北美市場的成長。汽車技術的進步也刺激了專業售後市場產品的成長,以滿足當今精通科技的消費者的需求。

電子商務的興起使售後零件更容易獲得,使消費者更容易在線上購買產品。隨著對車輛客製化和性能升級的日益關注,該行業不斷擴大其產品範圍。此外,製造商和零售商之間的合作正在簡化分銷管道並提高市場效率。這些因素的結合導致了售後市場領域的強勁上升趨勢。

消費者對永續性的偏好不斷變化也正在改變北美的產業。越來越多的消費者選擇環保零件和服務,從而創造了對節能輪胎和替代燃料轉換套件等產品的需求。電動車 (EV) 的推廣導致了新的售後市場領域的出現,例如電池更換和電動車專用零件。售後市場行業的公司正在增加研發投資,以保持領先地位並確保能夠滿足不斷變化的消費者需求。此外,促進環境永續性的政府法規正在鼓勵業界採用綠色技術。透過這種轉變,公司正在尋找創新機會,同時與更廣泛的環境目標保持一致。因此,消費者對環境影響的認知不斷提高,推動了該行業的需求和創新。

隨著消費者消費能力的波動,許多駕駛者選擇維護和修理現有車輛而不是購買新車,這推動了售後市場銷售。此外,汽車技術日益複雜,導致專業服務提供者數量增加,從而創造了提供專業維護和維修服務的商機。共乘經濟的擴張也推動了車輛維護的需求,因為車輛需要定期維護才能保持運作。此外,市場整合也呈現趨勢,大公司收購小公司以擴大業務範圍並提高能力。然而,全球供應鏈的中斷正在影響零件和材料的可用性,給該行業帶來挑戰。儘管面臨這些挑戰,北美售後市場產業預計在未來幾年將保持穩定成長。

北美汽車售後市場產業報告細分

該報告預測了2018年至2030年國家層級的收益成長,並對每個子區隔的最新產業趨勢進行了分析。在這項研究中,Grand View Research 根據替換零件、分銷管道、服務管道、認證類型和國家/地區層級對北美汽車售後市場行業報告進行了細分。

  • 替換零件展望(銷售額,十億美元,2018-2030 年)。
  • 電池。
  • 煞車部件。
  • 篩選。
  • 身體部位。
  • 照明和電子元件。
  • 輪圈
  • 排氣零件
  • 渦輪增壓器
  • 其他。
  • 通路展望(收入,十億美元,2018-2030 年)。
  • 零售商。
  • 批發商和分銷商。
  • 服務管道展望(收入,十億美元,2018-2030)。
  • DIY(自己動手做)。
  • DIFM(為我做)。
  • OE(委託給OEM)。
  • 認證類型展望(收入,十億美元,2018-2030 年)。
  • 原廠零件。
  • 經過認證的零件。
  • 未經認證的零件。
  • 國家級展望(銷售額,十億美元,2018-2030 年)。
  • 北美。
    • 美國。
    • 加拿大。

目錄

第1章調查方法和範圍

第 2 章執行摘要

第 3 章北美汽車售後市場產業變數、趨勢與範圍

  • 市場介紹/系統展望
  • 市場動態
    • 市場促進因素分析
    • 市場限制因素分析
    • 產業挑戰
  • 北美汽車售後市場產業分析工具
    • 波特的分析
    • PESTEL分析

第4章 北美汽車售後市場產業:替換零件預估及趨勢分析

  • 細分儀表板
  • 北美汽車售後市場產業:2024 年和 2030 年替換零件變化分析
    • 2018-2030年輪胎市場收益預測
  • 電池
    • 2018-2030年電池市場收益預測及預測
  • 煞車零件
    • 2018-2030年煞車零件市場收益估算及預測
  • 篩選
    • 2018-2030年過濾器市場收益估算與預測
  • 身體部位
    • 2018-2030年車身零件市場收益估計與預測
  • 照明和電子元件
    • 2018-2030 年照明和電子元件市場收益估計和預測
  • 輪圈
    • 2018-2030年輪圈市場收益估算與預測
  • 排氣零件
    • 2018-2030年排氣零件市場收益估計與預測
  • 渦輪增壓器
    • 2018-2030年渦輪增壓器市場收益預測
  • 其他
    • 2018-2030 年其他市場收益估計與預測

第5章北美汽車後市場產業:通路估算及趨勢分析

  • 細分儀表板
  • 北美汽車售後市場產業:2024 年與 2030 年通路變化分析
  • 零售商
    • 2018-2030 年北美汽車售後市場零售商收益估計與預測
  • 批發商和分銷商
    • 批發商和分銷商北美汽車售後市場行業收益估計和預測,2018-2030年

第6章 北美汽車後市場產業:服務通路估算及趨勢分析

  • 細分儀表板
  • 北美汽車售後市場產業:2024年及2030年服務通路變化分析
  • DIY
    • 2018-2030年北美DIY汽車售後市場產業收益預測及預測
  • DIFM
    • DIFM 北美汽車售後市場產業收益估計與預測,2018-2030 年
  • OE(委託給OEM )
    • 2018-2030年OEM汽車售後市場產業委託收益與預測

第7章 北美汽車後市場產業:認證類型估算及趨勢分析

  • 細分儀表板
  • 北美汽車售後市場產業:2024 年和 2030 年認證類型變化分析
  • 正品零件
    • 2018-2030年北美汽車售後市場原廠配件產業收益預測及預測
  • 認證零件
    • 2018-2030年北美汽車售後市場認證零件產業收益預測及預測
  • 未經認證的零件
    • 2018-2030年北美汽車售後市場非認證零件產業收益估算及預測

第8章北美汽車售後市場產業:國家層級的估算與趨勢分析

  • 2024 年及 2030 年北美汽車售後市場產業佔有率(按國家)
  • 北美洲
    • 2018-2030 年北美汽車售後市場產業預測及預測
    • 美國
    • 加拿大

第9章 競爭格局

  • 公司分類
  • 公司市場定位
  • 參與企業概況
  • 財務表現
  • 更換零件基準
  • 企業熱力圖分析
  • 策略規劃
  • 公司簡介/上市公司
    • 3M
    • Advance Auto Parts
    • AutoZone, Inc.
    • Cooper Tire &Rubber Company
    • Dorman Products, Inc.
    • LKQ Corporation
    • O'Reilly Auto Parts
    • Pep Boys
    • RockAuto, LLC
    • Tire Rack
Product Code: GVR-4-68040-481-7

Industry Size & Trends

The North America automotive aftermarket industry size was estimated at USD 108.73 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.5% from 2025 to 2030. The increasing average age of vehicles on the road leads to a higher demand for replacement parts and services, which is responsible for the market growth in North America. Technological advancements in vehicles have also spurred the growth of specialized aftermarket products, catering to the needs of modern, tech-savvy consumers.

The rise of e-commerce has made aftermarket parts more accessible, allowing consumers to purchase products online easily. With an increasing focus on vehicle customization and performance upgrades, the industry continues to expand its offerings. Moreover, partnerships between manufacturers and retailers have streamlined distribution channels, enhancing market efficiency. This combination of factors has contributed to a robust and upward trajectory for the aftermarket sector.

Shifting consumer preferences toward sustainability is also transforming the industry in North America. Many consumers are now opting for eco-friendly parts and services, creating demand for products such as fuel-efficient tires and alternative fuel conversion kits. The push for electric vehicles (EVs) has led to the emergence of new aftermarket segments, including battery replacements and EV-specific parts. Companies in the aftermarket industry are increasingly investing in research and development to stay ahead of these trends, ensuring they can meet evolving consumer needs. Furthermore, government regulations promoting environmental sustainability are encouraging the adoption of green technologies within the industry. With these shifts, businesses are finding opportunities to innovate while aligning with broader environmental goals. The growing consumer awareness of environmental impacts is thus driving both demand and innovation in this space.

As consumer-spending power fluctuates, many drivers are opting to maintain and repair their existing vehicles rather than purchase new ones, boosting aftermarket sales. Moreover, the increasing complexity of automotive technologies has led to a rise in professional service providers, creating opportunities for businesses offering specialized maintenance and repair services. The expansion of the ride-sharing economy has also driven demand for vehicle upkeep, as fleets require regular servicing to remain operational. Furthermore, market consolidation has been a trend, with larger companies acquiring smaller businesses to expand their reach and enhance their capabilities. Global supply chain disruptions, however, pose challenges for the industry, affecting the availability of parts and materials. Despite these challenges, the North American aftermarket industry is expected to maintain steady growth in the coming years.

North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Report Segmentation

This report forecasts revenue growth at country level and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2018 to 2030. For this study, Grand View Research has segmented the North America automotive aftermarket industry report based on replacement part, distribution channel, service channel, certification type, and country-level.

  • Replacement Part Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)
  • Tire
  • Battery
  • Brake Parts
  • Filters
  • Body parts
  • Lighting & Electronic components
  • Wheels
  • Exhaust components
  • Turbochargers
  • Others
  • Distribution Channel Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)
  • Retailers
  • Wholesalers & Distributors
  • Service Channel Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)
  • DIY (Do It Yourself)
  • DIFM (Do It For Me)
  • OE (Delegating To OEM's)
  • Certification Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)
  • Genuine Parts
  • Certified Parts
  • Uncertified Parts
  • Country Level Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)
  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Market Segmentation and Scope
  • 1.2. Market Definition
  • 1.3. Research Methodology
    • 1.3.1. Information Procurement
    • 1.3.2. Information or Data Analysis
    • 1.3.3. Market Formulation & Data Visualization
    • 1.3.4. Data Validation & Publishing
  • 1.4. Research Scope and Assumptions
    • 1.4.1. List of Data Sources

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1. Market Outlook
  • 2.2. Segment Outlook
  • 2.3. Competitive Insights

Chapter 3. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Variables, Trends, & Scope

  • 3.1. Market Introduction/Lineage Outlook
  • 3.2. Market Dynamics
    • 3.2.1. Market Driver Analysis
    • 3.2.2. Market Restraint Analysis
    • 3.2.3. Industry Challenge
  • 3.3. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Analysis Tools
    • 3.3.1. Porter's Analysis
    • 3.3.2. PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 4. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Replacement Part Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 4.1. Segment Dashboard
  • 4.2. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Replacement Part Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.3. Tire
    • 4.3.1. Tire Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.4. Battery
    • 4.4.1. Battery Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.5. Brake Parts
    • 4.5.1. Brake Parts Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.6. Filters
    • 4.6.1. Filters Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.7. Body parts
    • 4.7.1. Body parts Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.8. Lighting & Electronic components
    • 4.8.1. Lighting & Electronic components Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.9. Wheels
    • 4.9.1. Wheels Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.10. Exhaust components
    • 4.10.1. Exhaust components Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.11. Turbochargers
    • 4.11.1. Turbochargers Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 4.12. Others
    • 4.12.1. Others Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)

Chapter 5. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Distribution Channel Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 5.1. Segment Dashboard
  • 5.2. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Distribution Channel Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 5.3. Retailers
    • 5.3.1. Retailers North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 5.4. Wholesalers & Distributors
    • 5.4.1. Wholesalers & Distributors North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)

Chapter 6. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Service Channel Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 6.1. Segment Dashboard
  • 6.2. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Service Channel Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 6.3. DIY (Do It Yourself)
    • 6.3.1. DIY (Do It Yourself) North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 6.4. DIFM (Do It For Me)
    • 6.4.1. DIFM (Do It For Me) North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 6.5. OE (Delegating To OEM's)
    • 6.5.1. OE (Delegating To OEM's) North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)

Chapter 7. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Certification Type Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 7.1. Segment Dashboard
  • 7.2. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Certification Type Movement Analysis, 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 7.3. Genuine Parts
    • 7.3.1. Genuine Parts North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 7.4. Certified Parts
    • 7.4.1. Certified Parts North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 7.5. Uncertified Parts
    • 7.5.1. Uncertified Parts North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)

Chapter 8. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Country Level Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 8.1. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Share, By Country Level, 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • 8.2. North America
    • 8.2.1. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
    • 8.2.2. U.S.
      • 8.2.2.1. U.S. Automotive Aftermarket Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
    • 8.2.3. Canada
      • 8.2.3.1. Canada Automotive Aftermarket Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)

Chapter 9. Competitive Landscape

  • 9.1. Company Categorization
  • 9.2. Company Market Positioning
  • 9.3. Participant's Overview
  • 9.4. Financial Performance
  • 9.5. Replacement Part Benchmarking
  • 9.6. Company Heat Map Analysis
  • 9.7. Strategy Mapping
  • 9.8. Company Profiles/Listing
    • 9.8.1. 3M
      • 9.8.1.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.1.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.1.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.1.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.2. Advance Auto Parts
      • 9.8.2.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.2.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.2.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.2.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.3. AutoZone, Inc.
      • 9.8.3.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.3.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.3.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.3.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.4. Cooper Tire & Rubber Company
      • 9.8.4.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.4.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.4.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.4.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.5. Dorman Products, Inc.
      • 9.8.5.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.5.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.5.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.5.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.6. LKQ Corporation
      • 9.8.6.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.6.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.6.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.6.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.7. O'Reilly Auto Parts
      • 9.8.7.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.7.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.7.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.7.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.8. Pep Boys
      • 9.8.8.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.8.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.8.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.8.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.9. RockAuto, LLC
      • 9.8.9.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.9.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.9.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.9.4. Recent Developments
    • 9.8.10. Tire Rack
      • 9.8.10.1. Participant's Overview
      • 9.8.10.2. Financial Performance
      • 9.8.10.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 9.8.10.4. Recent Developments

List of Tables

  • Table 1 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Replacement Part, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 2 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Distribution Channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 3 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Service Channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 4 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Certification Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 5 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 6 U.S. Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Replacement Part, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 7 U.S. Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Distribution Channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 8 U.S. Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Service Channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 9 U.S. Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Certification Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 10 Canada Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Replacement Part, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 11 Canada Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Distribution Channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 12 Canada Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Service Channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 13 Canada Automotive Aftermarket Industry, By Certification Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Table 14 Key companies launching new products/services
  • Table 15 Key companies engaged in mergers & acquisition
  • Table 16 Key companies engaged in Research & development
  • Table 17 Key Companies engaged in expansion

List of Figures

  • Fig. 1 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Segmentation
  • Fig. 2 Market research process
  • Fig. 3 Information procurement
  • Fig. 4 Primary research pattern
  • Fig. 5 Market research approaches
  • Fig. 6 Market formulation & validation
  • Fig. 7 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Snapshot
  • Fig. 8 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Segment Snapshot
  • Fig. 9 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry Competitive Landscape Snapshot
  • Fig. 10 Market driver impact analysis
  • Fig. 11 Market restraint impact analysis
  • Fig. 12 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry, Replacement Part Outlook Key Takeaways (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 13 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Replacement Part Movement Analysis 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 14 Tire market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 15 Battery market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 16 Brake Parts market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 17 Filters market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 18 Body parts market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 19 Lighting & Electronic Components market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 20 Wheels market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 21 Exhaust components market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 22 Turbochargers market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 23 Other Tire market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 24 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Distribution Channel Outlook Key Takeaways (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 25 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Distribution Channel Movement Analysis 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 26 Retailers market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 27 Wholesalers & Distributors market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 28 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Service Channel Outlook Key Takeaways (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 29 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Service Channel Movement Analysis 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 30 DIY (Do It Yourself) market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 31 DIFM (Do It For Me) market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 32 OE (Delegating To OEM's) market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 33 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Certification Type outlook key takeaways (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 34 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Certification Type Movement Analysis 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 35 Genuine Parts market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 36 Certified Parts market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 37 Uncertified Parts market revenue estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 38 Country Level marketplace: Key takeaways
  • Fig. 39 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry: Country Level Outlook, 2024 & 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 40 North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 41 U.S. North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 42 Canada North America Automotive Aftermarket Industry estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
  • Fig. 43 Company Market Positioning
  • Fig. 44 Strategy framework