二極體市場報告：2030 年趨勢、預測與競爭分析

二極體趨勢和預測

全球二極體市場預計到 2030 年將達到 92 億美元，2024 年至 2030 年複合年成長率為 4.1%。該市場的主要驅動力是各種最終用途領域不斷成長的需求、分離電子產品小型化的趨勢日益增強，以及這些二極體在自動駕駛汽車中的使用不斷增加。全球二極體市場的未來可能包括通訊、家用電子電器、汽車和電腦/電腦周邊設備市場的機會。

Lucintel 預測肖特基二極體將在預測期內達到最高成長。

家用電子電器仍然是該市場最大的部分。

預計亞太地區將在預測期內實現最高成長。

二極體市場新趨勢

二極體市場的新興趨勢反映了技術進步和工業要求的變化。

• 先進材料：碳化矽（SiC）和氮化鎵（GaN）等先進材料的使用正在增加。這些是高效能、高性能材料，主要用於高功率、高頻應用，即使在惡劣環境下也能提高二極體的效率。
• 小型化：隨著電子設備變得越來越小，二極體也變得越來越小。二極體小型化也有助於開發更緊湊的家用電子電器，使其更輕、更靈活，從而提高便攜性和設計靈活性。
• 提高電源效率：二極體設計中對電源效率的需求不斷增加，特別是用於電力電子和能源管理系統的二極體。這一趨勢證實了對綠色解決方案日益成長的需求，不僅來自消費者，而且來自行業相關人員。
• 汽車整合：隨著電動車和 ADAS 技術的普及，我們可以找到更多二極體整合變得更強的汽車應用案例。精密二極體旨在增強各種汽車電子元件的功能和可靠性。

這些新興市場的開拓正在透過推動創新、提高性能和擴大目標市場內不同行業的應用領域來塑造二極體市場。

二極體市場的最新趨勢

由於技術創新、不斷變化的行業需求以及不斷變化的法規環境，二極體市場最近經歷了變革時期。這些創新將塑造二極體技術和應用的未來發展。

• SiC 和 GaN 技術的進步：SiC 和 GaN 二極體的出現透過提高效率和溫度控管能力正在顛覆電力電子技術。在高頻、高功率應用中，這些材料特別有用，因為它們可以實現更有效率、更緊湊的設計。
• 汽車應用的成長：二極體擴大用於汽車領域，以改善電動車 (EV) 和混合動力汽車的電源管理。這包括高電壓二極體和卓越功率半導體技術的進步。
• 新興 5G 和通訊應用：在 5G 基礎設施中，二極體發揮著至關重要的作用，因為它們支援高頻和高功率應用。最近的趨勢集中在提高 5G基地台和其他相關設備中使用的二極體的性能和可靠性。
• 專注於可再生能源整合：二極體針對太陽能逆變器和風力發電機等可再生能源系統進行了最佳化。對永續能源解決方案日益成長的需求需要提高功率二極體的效率和耐用性。

這些趨勢正在推動二極體市場的成長和技術創新，從而提高效率、應用範圍多樣化和技術複雜化。相反，人們正在關注先進材料以及定義未來前景的不斷發展的應用。

二極體市場的策略成長機會

新興技術和不斷變化的行業需求正在為二極體市場創造許多策略成長機會。關鍵應用正在推動對新型二極體解決方案的需求，並為進一步擴展鋪平道路。

• 消費性電子產品：智慧型設備和高效能電子產品的興起增加了對先進二極體的需求。不僅可以提高智慧型手機、平板電腦和穿戴式裝置的效能，還可以提高其能源效率。
• 汽車產業：向電動和自動駕駛汽車的過渡為用於電源管理和高電壓應用的專用二極體創造了機會。汽車電子領域的創新推動了對可靠、高效二極體解決方案的需求。
• 可再生能源：太陽能和風能等再生能源來源的增加也為能源轉換系統和管理中使用的二極體提供了成長前景。提高二極體性能可以使這些系統更加有效。
• 工業自動化：在工業自動化中，二極體是控制電源和處理訊號的重要元件。因此，有可能使用先進的二極體技術來加速向採用更自動化和智慧系統的產業的過渡。

這些二極體的市場機會將使應用程式不斷擴散，同時推動該領域的創新。重點關注家用電子電器、汽車工業、可再生能源、工業自動化和通訊，這些將繼續塑造進一步的發展。

市場推廣因素/問題

各種促進因素​​和挑戰正在影響二極體市場，包括技術進步、經濟因素和監管變化。為了應對不斷變化的市場狀況，了解這些事情非常重要。

推動二極體市場的因素包括：

1.技術進步：半導體材料的技術創新和製造流程的改進帶來了更高效率和更高性能的二極體。例如，SiC 和 GaN 技術的發展正在對該領域產生重大影響。

2.消費性電子產品的需求不斷成長：智慧設備和先進電子產品的激增正在推動對高品質二極體的需求。這一趨勢支持了二極體市場家用電子電器領域的成長。

3.可再生能源的擴張：可再生能源向太陽能和風能的轉變正在增加能源轉換和管理系統中對二極體的需求。全球永續性努力正在促進這一成長。

4.車輛電氣化：電動車的普及推動了對不同類型二極體的需求，包括用於電源管理和高電壓應用的專用二極體。這一趨勢得到了汽車技術的進步和對環境法規日益濃厚的興趣的支持。

二極體市場問題如下。

1.原料供應限制：製造二極體所需的原料供應不穩定，特別是稀土元素等關鍵基礎原料的供應，會影響製造成本和可用性。

2. 法規遵循：遵守嚴格的環保保護條例對 LED 製造商來說是一項挑戰。合規性要求對流程的技術投入進行投資，這會影響效率績效水準。

這些都是LED市場面臨的促進因素與挑戰。然而，雖然技術進步和市場需求是推動成長的因素之一，但供應限制和監管壓力是重要的挑戰。平衡這些因素對於應對不斷變化的市場狀況至關重要。

二極體按段

該研究包括按顯示器類型、最終用途和地區對全球二極體的預測。

各國二極體市場前景

二極體市場目前正在經歷一些技術變革以及區域開拓。

• 美國：美國在通訊和運算用高性能二極體方面正在取得長足進步。新增功能可提高下一代網路、資料中心等的開關速度和溫度控管。
• 中國：中國的二極體產能正在迅速增加，主要是為了滿足家用電子電器和汽車產業不斷成長的需求。重點是透過新的先進材料和相關技術改進製造程序，提高性能和可靠性。
• 德國：德國是汽車應用開發的領導者，特別是電動車（EV）和自動駕駛系統（ADS）。其中包括提高效率水平同時滿足汽車行業嚴格的使用壽命要求的創新。
• 印度：隨著它擴大用於工業環境和家用電子電器產品，市場正在擴大。上次，印度製造商開始在本國直接生產，以避免進口依賴並獲得有競爭力的價格。
• 日本：日本公司專注於製造專為航太和國防領域設計的精密二極體。由於這些領域所需的小型化程度不斷提高，此類計劃的目標是提高安全性，這會影響耐用性和整體系統的可靠性。

常見問題

Q.1 二極體的市場規模有多大？

答：到 2030 年，全球二極體市場預計將達到 92 億美元。

Q.2 二極體市場的成長預測如何？

答：預計 2024 年至 2030 年全球二極體市場將以 4.1% 的複合年成長率成長。

Q.3 影響二極體市場成長的關鍵促進因素有哪些？

答：該市場的關鍵促進因素是各種最終用途領域的需求不斷成長、分離電子產品小型化的趨勢不斷增強，以及這些二極體在自動駕駛汽車中的使用不斷增加。

Q4.市場的主要細分市場是什麼？

答：全球二極體市場的未來前景廣闊，通訊、家用電子電器、汽車以及電腦和電腦周邊設備市場充滿機會。

Q5.市場上主要企業有哪些？

答：主要的二極體公司有：

• Central Semiconductor
• Diodes Incorporated
• Hitachi Power Semiconductor
• Infineon Technologies
• Littelfuse
• MACOM
• NXP Semiconductors NV
• ON Semiconductor
• Renesas Electronics

Q6.未來最大的細分市場是什麼？

答：Lucintel 預測肖特基二極體將在預測期內達到最高成長。

Q7. 未來五年預計哪個地區的市場最大？

答：預計亞太地區在預測期內將出現最高成長。

Q8. 可以客製化報告嗎？

答：是的，Lucintel 列出了 10% 的客製化服務，無需額外費用。

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章全球二極體市場：市場動態

• 簡介、背景、分類
• 供應鏈
• 產業促進因素與挑戰

第3章 2018-2030年市場趨勢及預測分析

• 宏觀經濟趨勢（2018-2023）與預測（2024-2030）
• 全球二極體市場趨勢（2018-2023）與預測（2024-2030）
• 按顯示器類型分類的全球二極體市場
  • 齊納二極體
  • 肖特基二極體
  • 雷射二極體
  • 發光二極體
  • 小訊號二極體
• 按最終用途分類的全球二極體市場
  • 通訊
  • 家用電子電器
  • 車
  • 電腦及電腦周邊設備
  • 其他

第4章 2018-2030年區域市場趨勢及預測分析

• 按地區分類的二極體市場
• 北美二極體市場
• 歐洲二極體市場
• 亞太二極體市場
• 其他區域二極體市場

第5章 競爭分析

• 產品系列分析
• 營運整合
• 波特五力分析

第6章 成長機會與策略分析

• 成長機會分析
  • 按顯示器類型分類的全球二極體市場成長機會
  • 按最終用途分類的全球二極體市場成長機會
  • 全球二極體市場區域成長機會
• 全球二極體市場新趨勢
• 戰略分析
  • 新產品開發
  • 擴大全球二極體市場產能
  • 全球二極體市場的合併、收購和合資企業
  • 認證和許可

第7章主要企業概況

• Central Semiconductor
• Diodes Incorporated
• Hitachi Power Semiconductor
• Infineon Technologies
• Littelfuse
• MACOM
• NXP Semiconductors NV
• ON Semiconductor
• Renesas Electronics

Diodes Trends and Forecast

The future of the global diodes market looks promising with opportunities in the communication, consumer electronic, automotive, computer & computer peripherals markets. The global diodes market is expected to reach an estimated $9.2 billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 4.1% from 2024 to 2030. The major drivers for this market are growing demand from various end use sectors, rising trend of miniaturization of discrete electronic products, and increasing usage of these diodes in the autonomous vehicles.

Lucintel forecasts that schottky diodes is expected to witness highest growth over the forecast period.

Within this market, consumer electronics will remain the largest segment.

APAC is expected to witness highest growth over the forecast period.

Emerging Trends in the Diodes Market

Emerging trends in the market for diodes mirror technological progress and changing industry requirements.

• Advanced Materials: The use of advanced materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) is rising. These are high efficiency and high performance materials used mostly in high power and high frequency applications thus making diodes more efficient in harsh environments.
• Miniaturization: With a desire to fit into smaller electronic devices, there is a trend towards miniaturizing diodes. Smaller diodes also contribute to the development of more compact consumer electronics, making them lighter and nimbler, thus improving portability and design flexibility.
• Enhanced Power Efficiency: There is a growing call for power efficiency from diode designs, especially those used in power electronics and energy management systems. This trajectory supports the increasing clamor for greener solutions both by consumers as well as industry players.
• Automotive Integration: More examples can be found when it comes to automotive applications where diode integration is done with greater force due to upsurge of electric vehicles and ADAS technology. Sophisticated diodes are being designed to enhance the functionalities as well as reliability of various automotive electronic components.

These developments have been shaping the market for diodes through fostering innovation, enhancing performance, broadening application frontiers across diverse industries within its target market space.

Recent Developments in the Diodes Market

The market for diodes has recently undergone transformative changes thanks to technological innovation, changes in industry needs, and regulatory environment. These innovations are determining the development of diode technology and applications in future.

• SiC and GaN Technologies Advancement: The advent of SiC and GaN diodes is disrupting power electronics with enhanced efficiency and thermal management capabilities. For high-frequency, high-power applications these materials are especially useful because they enable smaller designs that are more efficient.
• Growth in Automotive Applications: Diodes are increasingly used in the automotive sector to improve power management in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles. This includes advances in high voltage diodes and better power semiconductor technology.
• Emergence of 5G and Telecommunications Applications: In 5G infrastructure, diodes play a crucial role since they support such applications as high frequency or high power applications. Recent developments have focused on enhancing performance and reliability of diodes employed by 5G base stations and other associated equipment.
• Focus on Renewable Energy Integration: Diodes are being optimized for renewable energy systems such as solar inverters and wind turbines. As the demand for sustainable energy solutions grows, improvements in the efficiency and durability of power diodes become necessary.

These trends are responsible for growth and innovation within the Diodes market which has resulted into improved efficiency, diversified application scope while advancing their technical sophistication among others. Conversely, attention is paid to advanced materials as well as evolving applications defining its future perspective.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for Diodes Market

Emerging technologies and changing industrial needs have created a number of strategic growth opportunities for the Diodes market. Key applications are driving demand for new types of diode solutions, opening up further avenues for expansion.

• Consumer Electronics: There is an increasing need for advanced diodes due to the rise of smart devices and highly efficient electronics. Opportunities exist to improve power efficiency as well as enhance performance in smartphones, tablets and wearables.
• Automotive Industry: The move towards electric and autonomous vehicles is creating opportunities for specialized diodes in power management and high-voltage applications. Innovations in automotive electronics drive the need for reliable, efficient diode solutions.
• Renewable Energy: Increasing renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can also provide growth prospects for diodes used in energy conversion systems and management. Improving their performance could make these systems more effective.
• Industrial Automation: In industrial automation, diodes are essential components that control power and process signals. Therefore there are possibilities of using advanced diode technology to hasten this transition with industries embracing more automated intelligent systems.

these Diodes market opportunities perpetuate application proliferation while fostering innovation within this space. With a focus on consumer electronics, automotive industry, renewable energy, industrial automation as well as telecommunications; they continue to shape its evolution further down the line.

Diodes Market Driver and Challenges

Various drivers and challenges influence the market for diodes, such as technological advancements, economic factors, and regulatory changes. It is important to be aware of these things to manoeuvre through the changing landscape of the market.

The factors responsible for driving the diodes market include:

1. Technological Advancements: Semiconductor materials innovation and manufacturing processes improvements have allowed for better performing diodes that work with high efficiency. For instance, SiC and GaN technology development are highly influential in this area.

2. Growing Demand for Consumer Electronics: The increasing adoption of smart devices and advanced electronics is driving the demand for high-quality diodes. This trend supports the growth of the consumer electronics segment in the diode market.

3. Expansion of Renewable Energy: The move toward solar and wind power among other renewable energy sources has heightened demand for diodes in energy conversion as well as management systems. Global sustainability initiatives contribute towards this growth.

4. Automotive Electrification: Electric vehicles' popularity rise has caused a need for different kinds of diodes including specialized ones used in power management or high voltage applications. This trend is supported by advancements in automotive technology and increased focus on environmental regulations.

Challenges in the diodes market are:

1. Raw Material Supply Constraints: Raw material supplies required by diode manufacturing may be erratic particularly provision of some critical basic raw materials like rare earth elements which can affect production costs or availability.

2. Regulatory Compliance: Meeting stringent environmental protection regulations can pose challenges to manufacturers of LEDs. Compliance entails investing in technology inputs into processes thus affecting efficiency performance levels

These are some drivers and challenges faced by Diodes market. However, technological advancements and market demand are some of the leading drivers of growth while supply constraints and regulatory pressures impose key challenges. Balancing these factors is crucial for navigating the evolving market landscape.

List of Diodes Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies diodes companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the diodes companies profiled in this report include-

• Central Semiconductor
• Diodes Incorporated
• Hitachi Power Semiconductor
• Infineon Technologies
• Littelfuse
• Macom
• Nxp Semiconductors Nv
• On Semiconductor
• Renesas Electronics

Diodes by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global diodes by indication type, end use, and region

Diodes Market by Indication Type [Analysis by Value from 2018 to 2030]:

• Zener Diodes
• Schottky Diodes
• Laser Diodes
• Light Emitting Diodes
• Small Signal Diodes

Diodes Market by End Use [Analysis by Value from 2018 to 2030]:

• Communication
• Consumer Electronics
• Automotive
• Computer & Computer Peripherals
• Others

Diodes Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2018 to 2030]:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Diodes Market

The diodes market is currently experiencing some technological changes coupled with developments in the region.

• United States: In the US, there are significant advances in high-performance diodes for telecommunications and computing. New features are being added to improve switch speeds and thermal management for next-generation networks, data centers, etc.
• China: China is experiencing a rapid increase of its diode production capacity which is mainly meant to cater for the increasing demand from consumer electronics as well as automotive industries. Emphasis is laid on improved manufacturing process through new advanced materials and associated technologies that enhance performance and reliability.
• Germany: Germany leads in the development of automotive applications such as electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous driving systems (ADS) among others. These include innovations that raise efficiency levels while meeting strictest requirements of motor industry concerning longevity.
• India: The market for this equipment widens as it is being adopted in industrial settings and consumer electronics more often than ever before. Last time Indian manufacturers started producing them directly at home to avoid import dependence and get competitive prices.
• Japan: Japanese firms concentrate on making precision diodes specifically designed for aerospace & defense sectors. Such projects are oriented towards enhanced security due to increased miniaturization affecting their durability or overall system reliability demanded by these fields.

Features of the Global Diodes Market

Market Size Estimates: Diodes Market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2018 to 2023) and forecast (2024 to 2030) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Diodes Market size by indication type, end use, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Diodes Market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different indication types, end uses, and regions for the diodes market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the diodes market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

If you are looking to expand your business in this market or adjacent markets, then contact us. We have done hundreds of strategic consulting projects in market entry, opportunity screening, due diligence, supply chain analysis, M & A, and more.

FAQ

Q.1 What is the diodes market size?

Answer: The global diodes market is expected to reach an estimated $9.2 billion by 2030.

Q.2 What is the growth forecast for diodes market?

Answer: The global diodes market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4.1% from 2024 to 2030

Q.3 What are the major drivers influencing the growth of the diodes market?

Answer: The major drivers for this market are growing demand from various end use sectors, rising trend of miniaturization of discrete electronic products, and increasing usage of these diodes in the autonomous vehicles.

Q4. What are the major segments for diodes market?

Answer: The future of the global diodes market looks promising with opportunities in the communication, consumer electronic, automotive, computer & computer peripherals markets.

Q5. Who are the key diodes market companies?

Answer: Some of the key diodes companies are as follows:

• Central Semiconductor
• Diodes Incorporated
• Hitachi Power Semiconductor
• Infineon Technologies
• Littelfuse
• MACOM
• NXP Semiconductors NV
• ON Semiconductor
• Renesas Electronics

Q6. Which diodes market segment will be the largest in future?

Answer: Lucintel forecasts that schottky diodes is expected to witness highest growth over the forecast period.

Q7. In diodes market, which region is expected to be the largest in next 5 years?

Answer: APAC is expected to witness highest growth over the forecast period.

Q.8 Do we receive customization in this report?

Answer: Yes, Lucintel provides 10% customization without any additional cost.

This report answers following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the diodes market by indication type (zener diodes, schottky diodes, laser diodes, light emitting diode, small signal diode, and others), end use (communication, consumer electronics, automotive, computer & computer peripherals, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?
• Market Report

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Diodes Market : Market Dynamics

• 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
• 2.2: Supply Chain
• 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2018 to 2030

• 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2018-2023) and Forecast (2024-2030)
• 3.2. Global Diodes Market Trends (2018-2023) and Forecast (2024-2030)
• 3.3: Global Diodes Market by Indication Type
  • 3.3.1: Zener Diodes
  • 3.3.2: Schottky Diodes
  • 3.3.3: Laser Diodes
  • 3.3.4: Light Emitting Diodes
  • 3.3.5: Small Signal Diodes
• 3.4: Global Diodes Market by End Use
  • 3.4.1: Communication
  • 3.4.2: Consumer Electronics
  • 3.4.3: Automotive
  • 3.4.4: Computer & Computer Peripherals
  • 3.4.5: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2018 to 2030

• 4.1: Global Diodes Market by Region
• 4.2: North American Diodes Market
  • 4.2.1: North American Diodes Market by Type: Zener Diodes, Schottky Diodes, Laser Diodes, Light Emitting Diodes, and Small Signal Diodes
  • 4.2.2: North American Diodes Market by End Use: Communication, Consumer Electronic, Automotive, Computer & Computer Peripherals, and Others
• 4.3: European Diodes Market
  • 4.3.1: European Diodes Market by Type: Zener Diodes, Schottky Diodes, Laser Diodes, Light Emitting Diodes, and Small Signal Diodes
  • 4.3.2: European Diodes Market by End Use: Communication, Consumer Electronic, Automotive, Computer & Computer Peripherals, and Others
• 4.4: APAC Diodes Market
  • 4.4.1: APAC Diodes Market by Type: Zener Diodes, Schottky Diodes, Laser Diodes, Light Emitting Diodes, and Small Signal Diodes
  • 4.4.2: APAC Diodes Market by End Use: Communication, Consumer Electronic, Automotive, Computer & Computer Peripherals, and Others
• 4.5: ROW Diodes Market
  • 4.5.1: ROW Diodes Market by Type: Zener Diodes, Schottky Diodes, Laser Diodes, Light Emitting Diodes, and Small Signal Diodes
  • 4.5.2: ROW Diodes Market by End Use: Communication, Consumer Electronic, Automotive, Computer & Computer Peripherals, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

• 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
• 5.2: Operational Integration
• 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

• 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Diodes Market by Indication Type
  • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Diodes Market by End Use
  • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Diodes Market Region
• 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Diodes Market
• 6.3: Strategic Analysis
  • 6.3.1: New Product Development
  • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Diodes Market
  • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Diodes Market
  • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

• 7.1: Central Semiconductor
• 7.2: Diodes Incorporated
• 7.3: Hitachi Power Semiconductor
• 7.4: Infineon Technologies
• 7.5: Littelfuse
• 7.6: MACOM
• 7.7: NXP Semiconductors NV
• 7.8: ON Semiconductor
• 7.9: Renesas Electronics