Product Code: CH 5996
In terms of value, the hydraulic fluids market is estimated to grow from USD 8.7 billion in 2024 to USD 10.2 billion by 2029, at a CAGR of 3.2%. The rising industrial growth in the Middle East & Africa and Asia Pacific, growing automating in end-use industries, mounting demand from for processed foods are driving the hydraulic fluids market. Also, as individuals become more conscious of the probable health hazards linked to mineral oil based lubricants, there is an growing desire for synthetic and bio-based lubricant alternatives.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2018-2029 |
Base Year | 2023 |
Forecast Period | 2024-2029 |
Units Considered | Volume (Kiloton) and Value (USD Million) |
Segments | Base Oil Type, Point of Sale, Application, By End-use Industry, and Region |
Regions covered | Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and South America |
"Mobile Equipment was the largest application of hydraulic fluids market, in terms of value, in 2023."
Mobile equipment is the largest application of hydraulic fluids market. The hydraulic industry has spread to the whole set of industries from the metal & mining, agriculture, construction, power generation, cement production, and others. These industries are mostly using various mobile machinery such as excavators, loaders, tractors, cranes, forklifts, and others. All of these machines are powered by hydraulic systems, which are essential for power transmission and control. The growth of infrastructure projects, building construction operations, and the application of agricultural labor-saving machinery worldwide are the major factors behind the growing demand for hydraulic fluids in the mobile equipment.
"Metal & mining was the second largest end-use industry of the hydraulic fluids market, in terms of value, in 2023."
Metal & mining stands as the second largest end-user industry in the hydraulic fluids market due to its extensive reliance on various equipments for smooth operation and maintenance. These equipments includes excavators, dump trucks, cranes, crushers, and others. The metal & mining industry is heavily relies on various heavy machinery and equipment, which require continuous lubrication to operate efficiently in harsh conditions. With continuous operations, safety concerns, and a global metal demand, metal & mining remains a second largest sector for hydraulic fluids usage.
"The Middle East & AFrica is projected to be the second fastest-growing region, during the forecast period in the hydraulic fluids market."
Petrochemical and downstream industries are equally expected to foster the hydraulic fluids market in the Middle East and Africa as it is expected to be the second fastest growing market during forecast period. This mainly because of the rising industrialization and infrastructure development in mining, oil exploration industries, automobiles and agriculture. Moreover, from these regions, there is the increasing interest in infrastructural development and urbanization and hence, the subsequent demand for hydraulic fluids to be used in the machinery and equipments would enable the market expand in during forecast period 2024 to 2029..
- By Company Type: Tier 1 - 69%, Tier 2 - 23%, and Tier 3 - 8%
- By Designation: C-Level - 23%, Director Level - 37%, and Others - 40%
- By Region: North America - 24%, Europe - 40%, Asia Pacific - 17%, South America - 7%, Middle East & Africa - 12%,
The key players profiled in the report include Shell plc (UK), Exxon Mobil Corporation (US), BP p.l.c. (UK), Chevron Corporation (US), TotalEnergies SE (France), FUCHS SE (Germany), PetroChina Company Limited (China), ENEOS Holdings, Inc. (Japan), China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (China), Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. (Japan), and among others.
Research Coverage
This report segments the market for hydraulic fluids based on base oil type, point of sale, application, end-use industry, and region and provides estimations of volume (Kiloton) and value (USD Million) for the overall market size across various regions. A detailed analysis of key industry players has been conducted to provide insights into their business overviews, services, and key strategies, associated with the market for hydraulic fluids.
Reasons to Buy this Report
This research report is focused on various levels of analysis - industry analysis (industry trends), market share analysis of top players, and company profiles, which together provide an overall view of the competitive landscape, emerging and high-growth segments of the hydraulic fluids market; high-growth regions; and market drivers, restraints, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
- Market Penetration: Comprehensive information on hydraulic fluids offered by top players in the global market
- Analysis of key drives: (growing automating in end-use industries, mounting demand from for processed foods, rising industrial growth in the Middle East & Africa and Asia Pacific, and increasing demand from mining, construction, agriculture and marine industries), restraints (Swing towards synthetic lubricants, high price of bio-based and synthetic lubricants), opportunities (Mounting demand for bio-based lubricants, and increasing demand for renewable energy), and challenges (Escalating raw material prices) influencing the growth of hydraulic fluids market.
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the hydraulic fluids market
- Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative emerging markets - the report analyzes the markets for hydraulic fluids across regions.
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped regions, and recent developments in the global hydraulic fluids market
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, strategies, products, and manufacturing capabilities of leading players in the hydraulic fluids market
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.2.1 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET: INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS
- 1.2.2 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET: MARKET DEFINITIONS & INCLUSIONS, BY BASE OIL
- 1.2.3 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET: MARKET DEFINITIONS & INCLUSIONS, BY POINT OF SALE
- 1.2.4 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET: MARKET DEFINITIONS & INCLUSIONS, BY APPLICATION
- 1.2.5 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET: MARKET DEFINITIONS & INCLUSIONS, BY END-USE INDUSTRY
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 REGIONS COVERED
- 1.3.2 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.3.3 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.3.4 UNITS CONSIDERED
- 1.4 STAKEHOLDERS
- 1.5 RECESSION IMPACT
- 1.6 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
- 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
- 2.1.2.1 Key primary participants
- 2.1.2.2 Key industry insights
- 2.1.2.3 Breakdown of interviews with experts
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.4 GROWTH FORECAST
- 2.4.1 SUPPLY SIDE
- 2.4.2 DEMAND SIDE
- 2.5 IMPACT OF RECESSION
- 2.6 ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.7 LIMITATIONS
- 2.8 RISK ASSESSMENT
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET
- 4.2 ASIA PACIFIC HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY BASE OIL AND COUNTRY
- 4.3 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION
- 4.4 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY VS. REGION
- 4.5 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY KEY COUNTRY
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
- 5.2.1.1 Massive industrial growth in Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa
- 5.2.1.2 Growth of automotive industry in Asia Pacific
- 5.2.1.3 Increasing demand for hydraulic fluids in mining and construction sectors
- 5.2.1.4 Rising use of automation in various end-use industries
- 5.2.1.5 Growing demand for processed food
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.2.2.1 Shift toward synthetic lubricants
- 5.2.2.2 High cost of synthetic & bio-based hydraulic fluids and stringent environmental regulations
- 5.2.2.3 Technological advancements in hybrid vehicles
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.2.3.1 Increasing demand for bio-based hydraulic fluids
- 5.2.3.2 Pressing need for semi-synthetic hydraulic fluids
- 5.2.3.3 Availability of zinc-free (ashless) hydraulic fluids
- 5.2.3.4 Rising demand for renewable energy
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.2.4.1 Volatile crude oil prices
- 5.3 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 5.3.1 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 5.3.2 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 5.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 5.3.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- 5.4 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
- 5.4.1 GDP TRENDS AND FORECAST FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES
6 INDUSTRY TRENDS
- 6.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 6.1.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 6.1.2 BUYING CRITERIA
- 6.2 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 6.2.1 RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
- 6.2.2 MANUFACTURERS
- 6.2.3 DISTRIBUTORS
- 6.2.4 END-USE INDUSTRIES
- 6.3 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS/MARKET MAP
- 6.4 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
- 6.4.1 REDUCING OPERATING COSTS OF INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE USING HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
- 6.4.2 UPGRADING PERFORMANCE POTENTIAL OF INJECTION MOLDING MACHINES USING HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
- 6.4.3 SAVING ENERGY BY USING HYDRO-CRACKED BASE OIL FOR HYDRAULIC OILS
- 6.5 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
- 6.5.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
- 6.6 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 6.6.1 KEY TECHNOLOGY
- 6.6.1.1 Ester in hydraulic fluid
- 6.6.1.2 Central hydraulic fluid
- 6.6.1.3 Re-refining
- 6.6.1.4 Nanotechnology
- 6.6.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGY
- 6.6.2.1 SO2 scrubbing system
- 6.7 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
- 6.7.1 REVENUE SHIFT & NEW REVENUE POCKETS IN HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET
- 6.8 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 6.8.1 IMPORT SCENARIO
- 6.8.2 EXPORT SCENARIO
- 6.9 KEY CONFERENCES & EVENTS IN 2024-2025
- 6.10 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 6.10.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY BASE OIL TYPE
- 6.10.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION
- 6.11 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
- 6.12 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 6.12.1 APPROACH
- 6.12.2 DOCUMENT TYPES
- 6.12.3 TOP APPLICANTS
- 6.12.4 LEGAL STATUS
- 6.12.5 JURISDICTION ANALYSIS
7 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY POINT OF SALE
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 OEM
- 7.3 AFTERMARKET
8 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY BASE OIL
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 MINERAL OIL
- 8.2.1 LOW COST TO BOOST DEMAND FOR MINERAL OIL-BASED HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
- 8.3 SYNTHETIC OIL
- 8.3.1 SURGE IN INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES TO INCREASE DEMAND FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
- 8.3.2 POLYALPHAOLEFINS
- 8.3.3 POLYALKYLENE GLYCOLS
- 8.3.4 ESTERS
- 8.3.5 GROUP III
- 8.4 BIO-BASED OIL
- 8.4.1 RISING AWARENESS ABOUT BIO-BASED HYDRAULIC FLUIDS TO FUEL DEMAND
9 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 MOBILE EQUIPMENT
- 9.3 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
10 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 CONSTRUCTION
- 10.2.1 RISING DEMAND IN CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT TO DRIVE MARKET
- 10.3 METAL & MINING
- 10.3.1 SURGE IN METAL PRODUCTION AND MINING ACTIVITIES TO BOOST MARKET
- 10.4 AGRICULTURE
- 10.4.1 GROWING GLOBAL FOOD DEMAND TO INCREASE NEED FOR HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
- 10.5 OIL & GAS
- 10.5.1 NEED FOR LONG-TERM STABILITY AND SMOOTH FUNCTIONING OF MACHINERY TO FUEL MARKET
- 10.6 TRANSPORTATION
- 10.6.1 GROWTH OF MARINE AND AVIATION INDUSTRIES TO DRIVE MARKET
- 10.6.2 MARINE
- 10.6.3 AVIATION
- 10.6.4 AUTOMOTIVE
- 10.7 CEMENT PRODUCTION
- 10.7.1 SURGE IN CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES TO DRIVE MARKET
- 10.8 FOOD PROCESSING
- 10.8.1 RISING AWARENESS ABOUT FOOD SAFETY TO DRIVE MARKET
- 10.9 POWER GENERATION
- 10.9.1 INCREASING USE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION TO DRIVE MARKET
- 10.10 OTHER END-USE INDUSTRIES
11 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS MARKET, BY REGION
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION
- 11.2 ASIA PACIFIC
- 11.2.1 RECESSION IMPACT
- 11.2.2 CHINA
- 11.2.2.1 Increasing population and rapid industrialization to drive market
- 11.2.3 INDIA
- 11.2.3.1 Growing construction industry to boost market
- 11.2.4 JAPAN
- 11.2.4.1 Government's fiscal support for technological developments to drive market
- 11.2.5 SOUTH KOREA
- 11.2.5.1 Increasing demand from transportation end-use industry to drive market
- 11.2.6 AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND
- 11.2.6.1 Growth of mining industry to drive demand for hydraulic fluids
- 11.2.7 THAILAND
- 11.2.7.1 Viable economic policies to drive market
- 11.2.8 INDONESIA
- 11.2.8.1 Established crude oil and mining sectors to boost market
- 11.3 EUROPE
- 11.3.1 RECESSION IMPACT
- 11.3.2 RUSSIA
- 11.3.2.1 Capacity expansion for producing crude oil products to boost market
- 11.3.3 GERMANY
- 11.3.3.1 Growth of food processing industry to boost market
- 11.3.4 UK
- 11.3.4.1 Government plans for infrastructure spending to drive market
- 11.3.5 FRANCE
- 11.3.5.1 Presence of established international companies to boost demand for hydraulic fluids
- 11.3.6 ITALY
- 11.3.6.1 Growth of manufacturing industry to fuel demand for hydraulic fluids
- 11.3.7 SPAIN
- 11.3.7.1 Rising demand for hydraulic fluids in energy and agriculture sector to drive market
- 11.3.8 TURKEY
- 11.3.8.1 Increase in automotive sales to boost market
- 11.4 NORTH AMERICA
- 11.4.1 RECESSION IMPACT
- 11.4.2 US
- 11.4.2.1 Strong industrial infrastructure and increasing environmental awareness to drive market
- 11.4.3 CANADA
- 11.4.3.1 Growth of automotive industry to drive market
- 11.4.4 MEXICO
- 11.4.4.1 Booming industrialization and rising population to increase demand for hydraulic fluids
- 11.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 11.5.1 RECESSION IMPACT
- 11.5.2 GCC COUNTRIES
- 11.5.2.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2.1.1 Growing oil & gas sector to drive market
- 11.5.3 SOUTH AFRICA
- 11.5.3.1 Demand for platinum to boost market
- 11.5.4 IRAN
- 11.5.4.1 Rapid growth in industrial sectors to propel market
- 11.6 SOUTH AMERICA
- 11.6.1 RECESSION IMPACT
- 11.6.2 BRAZIL
- 11.6.2.1 Rapidly expanding economy stimulated by increasing investments to drive market
- 11.6.3 ARGENTINA
- 11.6.3.1 Developing mining industry to drive market
12 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 12.1 INTRODUCTION
- 12.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES
- 12.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS
- 12.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
- 12.5 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 12.5.1 STARS
- 12.5.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 12.5.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 12.5.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 12.5.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 12.5.5.1 Company footprint
- 12.5.5.2 Region footprint
- 12.5.5.3 Base oil footprint
- 12.5.5.4 Application footprint
- 12.5.5.5 Point of Sale footprint
- 12.5.5.6 End-use industry footprint
- 12.6 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023
- 12.6.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 12.6.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 12.6.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 12.6.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 12.6.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023
- 12.6.5.1 Hydraulic fluids market: Key startups/SMEs
- 12.6.5.2 Hydraulic fluids market: Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs
- 12.7 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 12.8 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON ANALYSIS
- 12.9 COMPETITIVE SITUATION AND TRENDS
- 12.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES
- 12.9.2 DEALS
- 12.9.3 EXPANSIONS
13 COMPANY PROFILES
- 13.1 KEY COMPANIES
- 13.1.1 EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION
- 13.1.1.1 Business overview
- 13.1.1.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.1.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.1.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.1.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.1.3.3 Expansions
- 13.1.1.4 MnM view
- 13.1.1.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.2 TOTALENERGIES SE
- 13.1.2.1 Business overview
- 13.1.2.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.2.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.2.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.2.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.2.3.3 Expansions
- 13.1.2.4 MnM view
- 13.1.2.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.3 SHELL PLC
- 13.1.3.1 Business overview
- 13.1.3.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.3.3.1 Product launches
- 13.1.3.3.2 Deals
- 13.1.3.3.3 Expansions
- 13.1.3.4 MnM view
- 13.1.3.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.4 CHEVRON CORPORATION
- 13.1.4.1 Business overview
- 13.1.4.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.4.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.4.3.1 Deals
- 13.1.4.3.2 Expansions
- 13.1.4.4 MnM View
- 13.1.4.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.5 BP P.L.C.
- 13.1.5.1 Business overview
- 13.1.5.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.5.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.5.4 MnM view
- 13.1.5.4.1 Right to win
- 13.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices
- 13.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 13.1.6 FUCHS SE
- 13.1.6.1 Business overview
- 13.1.6.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.6.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.6.3.1 Deals
- 13.1.6.3.2 Expansions
- 13.1.7 CHINA PETROLEUM & CHEMICAL CORPORATION
- 13.1.7.1 Business overview
- 13.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.7.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.7.3.1 Deals
- 13.1.7.3.2 Expansions
- 13.1.8 ENEOS HOLDINGS, INC.
- 13.1.8.1 Business overview
- 13.1.8.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.8.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.8.3.1 Deals
- 13.1.8.3.2 Expansions
- 13.1.9 IDEMITSU KOSAN CO., LTD.
- 13.1.9.1 Business overview
- 13.1.9.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.9.3 Recent developments
- 13.1.9.3.1 Deals
- 13.1.9.3.2 Expansions
- 13.1.10 PETROCHINA COMPANY LIMITED
- 13.1.10.1 Business overview
- 13.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 13.1.10.3 Recent developments
- 13.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 13.2.1 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)
- 13.2.2 LUKOIL
- 13.2.3 PT PERTAMINA (PERSERO)
- 13.2.4 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED
- 13.2.5 HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED
- 13.2.6 PHILLIPS 66
- 13.2.7 PETROLEO BRASILEIRO S.A. (PETROBRAS)
- 13.2.8 BALMER LAWRIE & CO. LTD.
- 13.2.9 PJSC ROSNEFT OIL COMPANY
- 13.2.10 LUBRI-LAB INC.
- 13.2.11 CALUMET SPECIALTY PRODUCTS PARTNERS, L.P.
- 13.2.12 CITGO PETROLEUM CORPORATION
- 13.2.13 HARRISON MANUFACTURING PTY LIMITED
- 13.2.14 NYCO
- 13.2.15 PENRITE OIL
14 ADJACENT & RELATED MARKETS
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION
- 14.2 LIMITATIONS
- 14.3 INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS MARKET
- 14.3.1 MARKET DEFINITION
- 14.3.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 14.4 INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS MARKET, BY REGION
- 14.4.1 ASIA PACIFIC
- 14.4.2 NORTH AMERICA
- 14.4.3 EUROPE
- 14.4.4 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 14.4.5 SOUTH AMERICA
15 APPENDIX
- 15.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 15.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 15.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 15.4 RELATED REPORTS
- 15.5 AUTHOR DETAILS