Product Code: SE 3137
The silicon photonics market was valued at USD 2.16 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 7.52 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 28.3% from 2024 to 2029.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2020-2029 |
Base Year | 2023 |
Forecast Period | 2024-2029 |
Units Considered | Value (USD Billion) |
Segments | By Product, component, waveguide, application, and Region |
Regions covered | North America, Europe, APAC, RoW |
The demand for high-speed broadband service is one of the major drivers in the market. The rising demand for new broadband connections and high-speed internet plans has prompted telecom service providers to invest in developing new network technologies, including silicon photonics. These technologies enable high-speed broadband connections and offer more broadband services over the existing network infrastructure.The increasing complexity of integrating on-chip lasers is one of the major restraints in the market. Lasers are required for high-performance optical data transmission because they create pure light in frequency and colors. Silicon photonics either uses an on-chip or off-chip light source. An on-chip light source refers to a light-emitting component integrated directly onto a semiconductor chip that is typically small and has lower power consumption than the off-chip light source. However, incorporating laser sources on a silicon chip is difficult as it increases the complexity. Also, different light sources have different spectral compositions; therefore, integrating on-chip laser is a complex process, hindering market growth.
Transceivers to account for the largest share of silicon photonics market during the forecast period
The Transceivers segment is expected to dominate the silicon photonics market during the forecast period. The transceivers sector is likely to dominate the silicon photonics market over the forecast period. Transceivers are utilized in a variety of applications, including high-performance computing, data centers, and telecommunications. A transceiver combines a transmitter and a receiver on a single platform. It is a bidirectional gadget that transmits and receives data. This gadget is generally utilized in cables or optical fiber networks. Multiple devices can connect to the same bus, making them ideal for parallel backplane applications like telephony and industrial infrastructure. An electronic switch connects the transmitter and receiver to the same antenna, preventing the transmitter's output from hurting the receiver.
The laser component in silicon photonics to account for largest market size during the forecast period.
Silicon lasers are fabricated using silicon and other materials, including indium phosphide and gallium arsenide. Silicon lasers are crucial to achieving integrated silicon photonics.
Ge-on-Si lasers and III-V-based Si lasers are two types of lasers. III-V-based Si laser is currently the most practical way of obtaining on-chip light sources in silicon photonics. III-V-based silicon lasers formed via bonding techniques demonstrate the best performance and display the best opportunity for use in silicon photonic manufacturing processes. However, in the long term, direct heteroepitaxial growth of III-V materials on Si seems more promising for low-cost, high-yield fabrication.
North America is expected to have the largest market during the forecast period.
North America is one of the leading markets for networking-based services and has many data centers. The region is expected to command the silicon photonics market in the coming years by accounting for the largest market share. It is the hub of many technology companies and R&D establishments, leading to prominent innovations and technological advancements. Also, there is a huge and steady flow of monetary investment available for research-related activities from governments and venture capitalists. End User such as military, defense, and aerospace; telecommunications; and data communication are highly demanded for silicon photonics technology-based products in the region.
In determining and verifying the market size for several segments and subsegments gathered through secondary research, extensive primary interviews have been conducted with key officials in the silicon photonics market. Following is the breakup of the profiles of the primary participants for the report.
- By Company Type: Tier 1 - 40 %, Tier 2 - 40%, and Tier 3 - 20%
- By Designation: Directors -40%, Managers- 40%, and Others - 20%
- By Region: North America- 40%, Asia Pacific - 30%, Europe- 20%, and RoW - 10%
The report profiles key players in the silicon photonics market and analyzes their market shares. Players profiled in this report are Cisco Systems, Inc. (US), Intel Corporation (US), MACOM (US), GlobalFoundries Inc. (US), Lumentum Operations LLC (US), Marvell (US), Coherent Corporation (US), IBM (US), STMicroelectronics (Switzerland), Rockley Photonics Holdings Limited (US), Mellanox Technologies Ltd. (US), Sicoya GmbH (Germany), RANOVUS (Canada), Broadcom Inc. (US), Hamamatsu Photonics KK (Japan), Molex LLC (US), Fujitsu Limited (Japan), Chiral Photonics, Inc. (US), EFFECT Photonics (Netherlands), AIO Core Co., Ltd. (Japan), NKT Photonics (Denmark), IPG Photonics Corporation (US), DAS Photonics (Spain), TDK Corporation (Japan), SCINTIL Photonics (France), Teem Photonics (France), Lightwave Logic, Inc. (US), Source Photonics (US), Accelink Technologies Co., LTD, (China), and Infinera (US).
Research Coverage
The report defines, describes, and forecasts the silicon photonics market based on product, component, waveguide, end user, and region. It provides detailed information regarding drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges influencing its growth. It also analyzes competitive developments such as product launches, acquisitions, expansions, contracts, partnerships, and actions carried out by the key players to grow in the market.
Reasons to Buy This Report
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall silicon photonics market and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and to plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
- Analysis of key drivers (Rising demand for CMOS-integrated silicon photonics technology in data centers, growing focus on reducing power consumption using silicon photonic transceivers, increasing requirement for high bandwidth and high data transfer capabilities, and the surging demand for high-speed broadband services), restraints (Risk of thermal effect, complexity in integration of on-chip laser), opportunities (Increasing government and stakeholder funding, growing deployment of 5G networks, emerging applications of silicon photonics, surging utilization of silicon photonics technology in short-reach communication), and challenges (Embedding silicon photonic components into small circuits, inefficient electroluminescence of bulk crystalline silicon) influencing the growth of the silicon photonics market.
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the silicon photonics market
- Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets - the report analyses the silicon photonics market across varied regions
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the silicon photonics market
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like Cisco Systems, Inc. (US), Intel Corporation (US), MACOM (US), GlobalFoundries Inc. (US), and Lumentum Operations LLC (US), among others in the silicon photonics market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the automotive airbags & seatbelts market and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE
- 1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.5 UNIT CONSIDERED
- 1.6 STAKEHOLDERS
- 1.7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH
- 2.1.2 SECONDARY DATA
- 2.1.2.1 Major secondary sources
- 2.1.2.2 Key data from secondary sources
- 2.1.3 PRIMARY DATA
- 2.1.3.1 Key data from primary sources
- 2.1.3.2 Primary interviews with experts
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.1.1 Approach to arrive at market size using top-down analysis (supply side)
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.2.2.1 Approach to arrive at market size using bottom-up analysis (demand side)
- 2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.5 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
- 2.6 RISK ANALYSIS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET
- 4.2 SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET, BY END USER
- 4.3 SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA, BY PRODUCT AND COUNTRY
- 4.4 SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT
- 4.5 SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
- 5.2.1.1 Surging demand for CMOS-integrated silicon photonics
- 5.2.1.2 Growing focus on energy efficiency and lower power costs
- 5.2.1.3 Rising demand for high bandwidth and fast data transfer
- 5.2.1.4 Expansion of broadband services
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.2.2.1 Complexities integrating laser sources on silicon chips
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.2.3.1 Government funding to develop advanced products based on silicon photonics
- 5.2.3.2 Expansion of 5G networks
- 5.2.3.3 Expanding applications of silicon photonics
- 5.2.3.4 Increasing use of silicon photonics in short-distance communication
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.2.4.1 Inefficient electroluminescence of bulk crystalline silicon
- 5.2.4.2 Thermal challenges in device miniaturization and complexity
- 5.3 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 5.3.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.3.1.1 Silicon photonics technology
- 5.3.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.3.2.1 Al- and loT-integrated 5G networks
- 5.3.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES
- 5.3.3.1 Laser technologies
- 5.4 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
- 5.5 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 5.5.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF TRANSCEIVER PRODUCTS, BY DATA RATE, 2018-2023
- 5.5.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF TRANSCEIVERS, BY REGION, 2018-2023
- 5.6 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 5.7 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
- 5.8 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
- 5.9 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 5.10 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 5.10.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 851769)
- 5.10.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 851769)
- 5.11 TARIFF AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
- 5.11.1 TARIFF ANALYSIS
- 5.11.2 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
- 5.11.3 STANDARDS
- 5.11.3.1 International Organization for Standardization Standards
- 5.11.3.2 European Union Directives
- 5.11.3.3 Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
- 5.11.3.4 National Institutes of Standard Technology Guidelines
- 5.12 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2024-2025
- 5.13 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
- 5.13.1 COHERENT PLUGGABLE TRANSCEIVER HELPS TELIA CARRIER (SWEDEN) ACHIEVE HIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSION
- 5.13.2 MOLEX DATA CABLES SOLUTION IMPROVES DATA TRANSMISSION ISSUES OF KALINGA GROUP
- 5.13.3 QSFPTEK'S 100G QSFP28 TRANSCEIVERS HELP EMPOWER CRITICAL BUSINESSES
- 5.14 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 5.14.1 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- 5.14.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 5.14.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 5.14.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 5.14.5 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 5.15 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.15.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 5.15.2 BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.16 IMPACT OF AI ON SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET
6 SILICON PHOTONIC WAVEGUIDES
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 400-1,500 NM
- 6.3 1,310-1,550 NM
- 6.4 900-7,000 NM
7 SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET, BY COMPONENT
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 LASERS
- 7.2.1 SURGING UTILIZATION IN PHOTONIC DEVICES TO ENSURE HIGH-SPEED DATA TRANSMISSION TO SPUR DEMAND
- 7.3 MODULATORS
- 7.3.1 GROWING REQUIREMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS TO ACCELERATE MARKET GROWTH
- 7.4 PHOTODETECTORS
- 7.4.1 STRONG ABSORPTION IN NIR WAVELENGTH RANGE TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH
- 7.5 OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES
- 7.5.1 INCREASING STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT BY KEY PLAYERS TO FAVOR MARKET GROWTH
- 7.6 OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS
- 7.6.1 HIGH AND MORE EFFICIENT DATA TRANSFER RATE AND HIGH INTERCONNECTION DENSITIES TO AUGMENT MARKET GROWTH
- 7.7 OTHER COMPONENTS
8 SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET, BY PRODUCT
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 TRANSCEIVERS
- 8.2.1 DATA RATES
- 8.2.1.1 Less than 10 Gbps
- 8.2.1.1.1 Widening use in diverse set of applications to boost demand
- 8.2.1.2 Up to 100 Gbps
- 8.2.1.2.1 Growing need for high-speed transceivers to fuel market growth
- 8.2.1.3 More than 100 Gbps
- 8.2.1.3.1 Increasing deployment of 5G networks to foster demand
- 8.3 VARIABLE OPTICAL ATTENUATORS
- 8.3.1 GROWING ADOPTION OF BROADBAND INTERNET AND DEPLOYMENT OF 5G TO FUEL MARKET GROWTH
- 8.4 SWITCHES
- 8.4.1 SURGING USE OF OPTICAL SWITCHES TO ENSURE TRANSMISSION OF LARGE VOLUMES OF DATA IN MINIMAL TIME TO PROPEL MARKET
- 8.5 CABLES
- 8.5.1 RISING DEMAND FOR HIGHER BANDWIDTH CAPACITY TO AUGMENT MARKET GROWTH
- 8.6 SENSORS
- 8.6.1 ELEVATING DEMAND FOR PORTABLE AND WEARABLE DEVICES TO PROPEL MARKET GROWTH
9 SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET, BY END USER
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 DATA CENTERS AND HPC
- 9.2.1 RAPID GROWTH OF AI AND OTHER MODERN TECHNOLOGIES TO BOOST DEMAND
- 9.3 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
- 9.3.1 GROWING NEED TO ACCOMMODATE BANDWIDTH-INTENSIVE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES TO FUEL SEGMENTAL GROWTH
- 9.4 MILITARY, DEFENSE, AND AEROSPACE
- 9.4.1 BOOSTING DEFENSE CAPABILITIES WITH CO-PACKAGED OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS TO AUGMENT MARKET GROWTH
- 9.5 MEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES
- 9.5.1 RISING DEPLOYMENT OF SILICON PHOTONICS IN LAB-ON-CHIP SOLUTIONS TO FUEL DEMAND
- 9.6 OTHER END USERS
10 SILICON PHOTONICS MARKET, BY REGION
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 NORTH AMERICA
- 10.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR NORTH AMERICA
- 10.2.2 US
- 10.2.2.1 Rigorous R&D activities by key industry players to drive market
- 10.2.3 CANADA
- 10.2.3.1 Accelerated demand for high-speed networking to fuel market growth
- 10.2.4 MEXICO
- 10.2.4.1 Government-led initiatives to ensure connectivity within urban centers to boost demand
- 10.3 EUROPE
- 10.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR EUROPE
- 10.3.2 GERMANY
- 10.3.2.1 Government-led funding and initiatives by various research institutes to fuel market growth
- 10.3.3 UK
- 10.3.3.1 Growing adoption of data centers and HPC by various verticals to favor market growth
- 10.3.4 FRANCE
- 10.3.4.1 Federal support to promote use of silicon photonics to augment market growth
- 10.3.5 ITALY
- 10.3.5.1 Rising number of data centers to support market growth
- 10.3.6 REST OF EUROPE
- 10.4 ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.4.2 CHINA
- 10.4.2.1 Rising demand for smartphones and internet users to accelerate market growth
- 10.4.3 JAPAN
- 10.4.3.1 Early adoption of silicon photonics in medical equipment to support market growth
- 10.4.4 SOUTH KOREA
- 10.4.4.1 Technological innovations in silicon photonics to spur market growth
- 10.4.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.5 ROW
- 10.5.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ROW
- 10.5.2 SOUTH AMERICA
- 10.5.2.1 Strong government support to develop network infrastructure to boost demand
- 10.5.3 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 10.5.3.1 Increasing need for advanced silicon photonics-based transceivers to fuel market growth
- 10.5.3.2 GCC countries
- 10.5.3.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa
11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 11.1 OVERVIEW
- 11.2 KEY STRENGTHS/RIGHT TO WIN, 2020-2024
- 11.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2019-2023
- 11.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2023
- 11.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 11.6 PRODUCT/APPLICATION COMPARISON
- 11.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 11.7.1 STARS
- 11.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 11.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 11.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 11.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023
- 11.7.5.1 Company footprint
- 11.7.5.2 Region footprint
- 11.7.5.3 Component footprint
- 11.7.5.4 Product footprint
- 11.7.5.5 End user footprint
- 11.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023
- 11.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 11.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 11.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 11.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 11.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023
- 11.8.5.1 Detailed list of key startups/SMEs
- 11.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs
- 11.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
- 11.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES
- 11.9.2 DEALS
- 11.9.3 EXPANSIONS
- 11.9.4 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
12 COMPANY PROFILES
- 12.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 12.1.1 CISCO SYSTEMS, INC.
- 12.1.1.1 Business overview
- 12.1.1.2 Products offered
- 12.1.1.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.1.4 MnM view
- 12.1.1.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.2 INTEL CORPORATION
- 12.1.2.1 Business overview
- 12.1.2.2 Products offered
- 12.1.2.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.2.3.1 Product launches
- 12.1.2.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.2.4 MnM view
- 12.1.2.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.3 MACOM
- 12.1.3.1 Business overview
- 12.1.3.2 Products offered
- 12.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.3.3.1 Product launches
- 12.1.3.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.3.4 MnM view
- 12.1.3.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.4 GLOBAL FOUNDRIES INC.
- 12.1.4.1 Business overview
- 12.1.4.2 Products offered
- 12.1.4.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.4.3.1 Product launches
- 12.1.4.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.4.3.3 Other developments
- 12.1.4.4 MnM view
- 12.1.4.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.5 LUMENTUM OPERATIONS LLC
- 12.1.5.1 Business overview
- 12.1.5.2 Products offered
- 12.1.5.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.5.3.1 Product launches
- 12.1.5.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.5.3.3 Expansions
- 12.1.5.4 MnM view
- 12.1.5.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.6 MARVELL
- 12.1.6.1 Business overview
- 12.1.6.2 Products offered
- 12.1.6.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.6.3.1 Product launches
- 12.1.6.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.6.3.3 Expansions
- 12.1.7 COHERENT CORPORATION
- 12.1.7.1 Business overview
- 12.1.7.2 Products offered
- 12.1.7.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.7.3.1 Product launches
- 12.1.7.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.8 IBM
- 12.1.8.1 Business overview
- 12.1.8.2 Products offered
- 12.1.9 STMICROELECTRONICS
- 12.1.9.1 Business overview
- 12.1.9.2 Products offered
- 12.1.10 ROCKLEY PHOTONICS HOLDINGS LIMITED
- 12.1.10.1 Business overview
- 12.1.10.2 Products offered
- 12.1.10.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.10.3.1 Product launches
- 12.1.10.3.2 Deals
- 12.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 12.2.1 MELLANOX TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
- 12.2.2 SICOYA GMBH
- 12.2.3 RANOVUS
- 12.2.4 BROADCOM INC.
- 12.2.5 HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K.
- 12.2.6 MOLEX LLC
- 12.2.7 FUJITSU LIMITED
- 12.2.8 CHIRAL PHOTONICS, INC.
- 12.2.9 EFFECT PHOTONICS
- 12.2.10 AIO CORE CO., LTD.
- 12.2.11 NKT PHOTONICS
- 12.2.12 IPG PHOTONICS CORPORATION
- 12.2.13 DAS PHOTONICS
- 12.2.14 TDK CORPORATION
- 12.2.15 SCINTIL PHOTONICS
- 12.2.16 TEEM PHOTONICS
- 12.2.17 LIGHTWAVE LOGIC, INC.
- 12.2.18 SOURCE PHOTONICS
- 12.2.19 ACCELINK TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
- 12.2.20 INFINERA
13 APPENDIX
- 13.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 13.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 13.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 13.4 RELATED REPORTS
- 13.5 AUTHOR DETAILS