首頁 > 市場調查報告書 > 材料

有機化合物

市場調查報告書

商品編碼

1550120

尿素市場：全球產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢、預測，2024-2033

Urea Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2024-2033

出版日期: 2024年09月04日 | 出版商:

Persistence Market Research | 英文 280 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5個工作天內

價格

簡介目錄

Persistence Market Research最近發布了一份有關全球尿素市場的詳細報告。本報告對驅動因素、趨勢、機會和挑戰等關鍵市場動態進行了全面分析，提供了對市場結構的深入見解。

主要見解

尿素市場規模（2024年）：332.687億美元
市場預測金額（2033年）：415.481億美元
全球市場成長率（2024-2033年年複合成長率）：2.5%

尿素市場：研究範圍

尿素市場包括尿素的生產、分銷和利用，尿素是一種氮基化合物，廣泛用作農業和化學工業的肥料。尿素透過為農作物提供必需的氮，在提高農業生產力方面發揮著非常重要的作用。除農業外，尿素在製藥、塑膠和汽車等產業也有重要應用，用於生產樹脂、三聚氰胺和柴油引擎廢氣。尿素市場分為農業、化學製造和汽車等多個產業。尿素市場的成長是由食品安全需求的增加、尿素生產技術的進步以及在各種工業製程中不斷擴大的應用所推動的。

推動市場成長的因素：

推動全球尿素市場的主要因素有幾個。世界人口的成長和糧食需求的增加增加了對氮肥（尤其是尿素）的需求，以提高農業產量。尿素生產的技術進步，例如改進的造粒和研磨過程，提高生產效率並減少對環境的影響。此外，汽車產業日益在排放控制系統的柴油引擎廢氣處理液（DEF）中採用尿素，這也支持了市場的擴張。尿素在化學應用中的使用增加，包括脲醛樹脂和三聚氰胺的生產，也促進了整體市場的成長。

此外，向永續農業實踐的轉變以及尿素基肥料因其成本效益和高氮含量而日益採用也推動市場需求。隨著全球對糧食安全的關注，尿素仍然是滿足農作物營養需求的關鍵組成部分，提高世界各地農民的生產力和獲利能力。

市場限制因素：

儘管前景樂觀，但尿素市場仍面臨挑戰，特別是在農業中使用尿素對環境的影響。過量施用尿素肥料會導致氮徑流和有害一氧化二氮氣體的釋放，導致土壤惡化和水污染。監管機構對氮排放和化肥施用量實施更嚴格的指導方針，這可能會阻礙環境法規嚴格地區的市場成長。此外，尿素生產所用原料（例如天然氣）的價格波動也會影響尿素生產的整體成本結構。在天然氣稀缺或昂貴的地區，尿素生產變得不經濟。此外，替代肥料和生物基選擇的可用性可能會對某些市場的尿素構成競爭挑戰。

市場機會：

在永續農業和創新生產技術的進步推動下，尿素市場帶來了重大機會。緩釋尿素肥料的開發一直是推動力，可最大程度地減少氮損失並提高植物對養分的吸收。這項創新符合永續農業和環境保護的全球趨勢。根據土壤和作物條件最佳化肥料使用的精準農業技術的日益採用，也進一步推動了對專用尿素配方的需求。在汽車產業，柴油引擎選擇性催化還原（SCR）系統中日益使用尿素，這是一個重大的成長機會。農業生產力對經濟成長非常重要的新興市場的擴張也為尿素製造商帶來了有利的機會。基礎設施投資和政府對農業發展的支持相結合，預計將增加亞洲、拉丁美洲和非洲國家的尿素消費量。

報告中回答的主要問題

推動全球尿素市場成長的關鍵因素是什麼？
哪些產業在各種應用中率先採用尿素？
技術進步如何影響尿素市場的競爭格局？
誰是尿素市場的主要參與者？
全球尿素市場的新趨勢與未來前景如何？

美國市場分析
加拿大市場分析
墨西哥市場分析
巴西市場分析
德國市場分析
義大利市場分析
法國市場分析
英國市場分析
西班牙市場分析
俄羅斯市場分析
比荷盧市場分析
中國市場分析
日本市場分析
韓國市場分析
印度市場分析
東協市場分析
澳洲/紐西蘭市場分析
GCC國家的市場分析
土耳其市場分析
北非市場分析
南非市場分析

第18章市場結構分析

市場集中度：依主要公司劃分
市場分析：依公司層級
主要公司市佔率分析
表觀產能

第19章競爭分析

競爭儀表板
競爭對手詳細資料（印尼 3 家主要製造商的公司簡介）
- PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja 巨港（PUSRI）
- PT Pupuk Kujang
- PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
競爭對手詳細資料（全球排名前3 的製造商的公司簡介）
- Yara International ASA
- Industries Qatar QPSC
- SABIC
- EuroChem Group
- Nutrien Ltd
- BASF SE
- CF Industries Holdings, Inc.
- OSTChem
- China National Petroleum Corporation
- PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang（PUSRI）
- PT Pupuk Kujang
- PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
- PT Petrokimia Gresik
- PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda（PT PIM）

第20章使用的先決條件與縮寫

第21章研究方法

簡介目錄

Product Code: PMRREP32544

Persistence Market Research has recently published an extensive report on the global Urea Market. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the key market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing deep insights into the market structure.

Key Insights:

Urea Market Size (2024E): USD 33268.7 Million
Projected Market Value (2033F): USD 41,548.10 Million
Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2024 to 2033): 2.5%

Urea Market - Report Scope:

The Urea Market encompasses the production, distribution, and utilization of urea, a nitrogen-based compound widely used in agriculture as a fertilizer and in the chemical industry. Urea plays a pivotal role in enhancing agricultural productivity by providing essential nitrogen to crops. Beyond agriculture, urea has significant applications in industries such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, and automotive, where it is used in the production of resins, melamine, and diesel exhaust fluids. The market is segmented across diverse industries, including agriculture, chemical manufacturing, and automotive sectors. Growth in the urea market is driven by the rising demand for food security, advancements in urea production technologies, and its expanding application in various industrial processes.

Market Growth Drivers:

Several key factors are driving the global Urea Market. The increasing global population and rising food demand are boosting the need for nitrogen-based fertilizers, particularly urea, to enhance agricultural yields. Technological advancements in urea production, such as improvements in granulation and prilling processes, have enhanced production efficiency and reduced environmental impacts. Furthermore, the growing automotive industry's adoption of urea in diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) for emission control systems underpins market expansion. The rising use of urea in chemical applications, including the production of urea-formaldehyde resins and melamine, also contributes to the overall market growth.

In addition, the shift towards sustainable agricultural practices and the increasing adoption of urea-based fertilizers due to their cost-effectiveness and high nitrogen content are driving market demand. With the global focus on food security, urea remains a crucial component in meeting the nutritional needs of crops, leading to higher productivity and profitability for farmers worldwide.

Market Restraints:

Despite the positive outlook, the Urea Market faces challenges related to the environmental impact of urea usage, particularly in agriculture. Excessive application of urea-based fertilizers can result in nitrogen runoff and the release of harmful nitrous oxide gases, contributing to soil degradation and water pollution. Regulatory bodies are imposing stricter guidelines on nitrogen emissions and fertilizer application rates, which could potentially hinder market growth in regions with stringent environmental regulations.Moreover, fluctuating prices of raw materials used in urea production, such as natural gas, affect the overall cost structure of urea manufacturing. In regions where natural gas is scarce or expensive, the production of urea becomes less economically viable. Additionally, the availability of alternative fertilizers and bio-based options may present a competitive challenge to urea in certain markets.

Market Opportunities:

The Urea Market presents significant opportunities driven by advancements in sustainable agriculture and innovative production techniques. The development of slow-release urea fertilizers, which minimize nitrogen loss and improve nutrient uptake by plants, is gaining traction. This innovation aligns with the global trend toward sustainable farming practices and environmental conservation. The growing adoption of precision farming techniques, which optimize fertilizer usage based on soil and crop conditions, further supports the demand for specialized urea formulations.In the automotive sector, the increasing use of urea in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems for diesel engines offers a substantial growth opportunity. As global regulations on vehicle emissions become stricter, the demand for diesel exhaust fluids containing urea is expected to rise, particularly in regions such as North America and Europe.Expansion into emerging markets, where agricultural productivity is critical for economic growth, also presents a lucrative opportunity for urea manufacturers.Investments in infrastructure, coupled with governmental support for agricultural development, are likely to boost urea consumption in countries across Asia, Latin America, and Africa.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

What are the primary factors driving the growth of the Urea Market globally?
Which industries are leading the adoption of urea in various applications?
How are technological advancements influencing the competitive landscape of the Urea Market?
Who are the key players in the Urea Market, and what strategies are they employing to stay competitive?
What are the emerging trends and future prospects in the global Urea Market?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading players in the global Urea Market, including Yara International, CF Industries, and Nutrien Ltd., focus on innovation, product differentiation, and strategic collaborations to gain a competitive edge. These companies invest heavily in research and development to enhance the efficiency of urea production processes, reduce environmental impact, and develop value-added products such as slow-release and coated urea fertilizers. Collaborations with agricultural institutions, research bodies, and government agencies facilitate market access and promote the adoption of sustainable urea-based solutions.In addition to their focus on agricultural markets, key players are expanding their footprint in the automotive sector by producing high-purity urea for diesel exhaust fluid applications. Companies are also exploring new markets in emerging economies, where the demand for fertilizers and industrial chemicals is on the rise. Emphasis on sustainability, innovation, and market diversification remains a cornerstone of business strategy in the evolving Urea Market landscape.

Key Companies Profiled:

PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (PUSRI)
PT Pupuk Kujang
PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
Yara International ASA
Industries Qatar Q.P.S.C
SABIC
EuroChem Group
Nutrien Ltd
BASF SE
CF Industries Holdings, Inc.
OSTChem

Urea Market Industry Segmentation

By End-Use:

Agriculture
Industrial

By Region:

North America
Latin America
Europe
East Asia
South Asia & Pacific
Middle East & Africa

1. Executive Summary

1.1. Global Market Outlook
1.2. Demand Side Trends
1.3. Supply Side Trends
1.4. Technology Roadmap
1.5. Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy
2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations
2.3. Urea Product Segmentation

3. Key Market Trends

3.1. Key Trends Impacting the Market

4. Key Success Factors

4.1. Strategic Promotional Strategies

5. Global Market Demand Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast, 2024-2033

5.1. Historical Market Volume (Kilo Tons) Analysis, 2019-2023
5.2. Current and Future Market Volume (Kilo Tons) Projections, 2024-2033
5.3. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis

6. Pricing Mechanism & Cost Structure Analysis

7. Global Market Demand (in Value or Size in US$ Mn) Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast, 2024-2033

7.1. Historical Market Value (US$ Mn) Analysis, 2019-2023
7.2. Current and Future Market Value (US$ Mn) Projections, 2024-2033
- 7.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis
- 7.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis

8. Market Background

8.1. Macro-Economic Factors
- 8.1.1. Macro-Economic Factors: Real GDP Growth
- 8.1.2. Macro-Economic Factors: Global Economic Outlook
- 8.1.3. Macro-Economic Factors: Global Fertilizer Industry Outlook
- 8.1.4. Macro-Economic Factors: Global Chemical Industry Outlook
- 8.1.5. Macroeconomic Factors
- 8.1.6. Global Agriculture Sector Outlook
- 8.1.7. Global Agriculture Industry Value Added (% of GDP) By Country, 2019
8.2. Forecast Factors - Relevance & Impact
- 8.2.1. Manufacturing Industry Value Addition & Expansion of Production Capacities
- 8.2.2. Impact of Import Export Trade Policies
- 8.2.3. Industrialization growth
- 8.2.4. GDP Growth Outlook
- 8.2.5. Growth in End-Use Industries
- 8.2.6. Raw Material Pricing
8.3. Value Chain
- 8.3.1. List of Supplier
- 8.3.2. List of Manufacturers
- 8.3.3. List of End Users
8.4. Market Dynamics
- 8.4.1. Drivers
- 8.4.2. Restraints
- 8.4.3. Opportunity Analysis
8.5. Buyer's Decision Analysis
8.6. Supply Demand Scenario
8.7. Production Process Overview
8.8. Impact of COVID - 19 Crisis

9. Global Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033, By End-Use

9.1. Introduction / Key Findings
9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Analysis By End-Usee, 2019-2023
9.3. Current and Future Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Analysis and Forecast By End-Use, 2024-2033
- 9.3.1. Agriculture
- 9.3.2. Industrial

10. Global Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033, by Region

10.1. Introduction
10.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Analysis By Region, 2019-2023
10.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2024-2033
- 10.3.1. North America
- 10.3.2. Latin America
- 10.3.3. Europe
- 10.3.4. South Asia and Pacific
- 10.3.5. East Asia
- 10.3.6. Middle East & Africa
- 10.3.7. Indonesia

11. North America Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

11.1. Introduction
11.2. Pricing Analysis
11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
11.4. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
- 11.4.1. By Country
  - 11.4.1.1. U.S.
  - 11.4.1.2. Canada
- 11.4.2. By End-Use
11.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 11.5.1. By Country
- 11.5.2. By End-Use
11.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

12. Latin America Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

12.1. Introduction
12.2. Pricing Analysis
12.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
12.4. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
- 12.4.1. By Country
  - 12.4.1.1. Brazil
  - 12.4.1.2. Mexico
  - 12.4.1.3. Rest of Latin America
- 12.4.2. By End-Use
12.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 12.5.1. By Country
- 12.5.2. By End-Use
12.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

13. Europe Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

13.1. Introduction
13.2. Pricing Analysis
13.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
13.4. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
- 13.4.1. By Country
  - 13.4.1.1. Germany
  - 13.4.1.2. Italy
  - 13.4.1.3. France
  - 13.4.1.4. U.K.
  - 13.4.1.5. Spain
  - 13.4.1.6. BENELUX
  - 13.4.1.7. Russia
  - 13.4.1.8. Rest of Europe
- 13.4.2. By End-Use
13.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 13.5.1. By Country
- 13.5.2. By End-Use
13.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

14. East Asia Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

14.1. Introduction
14.2. Pricing Analysis
14.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
14.4. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
- 14.4.1. By Country
  - 14.4.1.1. China
  - 14.4.1.2. Japan
  - 14.4.1.3. South Korea
- 14.4.2. By End-Use
14.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 14.5.1. By Country
- 14.5.2. By End-Use
14.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

15. South Asia and Pacific Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

15.1. Introduction
15.2. Pricing Analysis
15.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
15.4. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
- 15.4.1. By Country
  - 15.4.1.1. India
  - 15.4.1.2. ASEAN
  - 15.4.1.3. Australia & New Zealand
  - 15.4.1.4. Rest of South Asia and Pacific
- 15.4.2. By End-Use
15.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 15.5.1. By Country
- 15.5.2. By End-Use
15.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

16. Middle East and Africa Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2033

16.1. Introduction
16.2. Pricing Analysis
16.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
16.4. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2033
- 16.4.1. By Country
  - 16.4.1.1. GCC
  - 16.4.1.2. Turkey
  - 16.4.1.3. Northern Africa
  - 16.4.1.4. South Africa
  - 16.4.1.5. Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 16.4.2. By End-Use
16.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 16.5.1. By Country
- 16.5.2. By End-Use
16.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis

17. Country-wise Market Analysis

17.1. U.S. Market Analysis
- 17.1.1. By End-Use
17.2. Canada Market Analysis
- 17.2.1. By End-Use
17.3. Mexico Market Analysis
- 17.3.1. By End-Use
17.4. Brazil Market Analysis
- 17.4.1. By End-Use
17.5. Germany Market Analysis
- 17.5.1. By End-Use
17.6. Italy Market Analysis
- 17.6.1. By End-Use
17.7. France Market Analysis
- 17.7.1. By End-Use
17.8. UK Market Analysis
- 17.8.1. By End-Use
17.9. Spain Market Analysis
- 17.9.1. By End-Use
17.10. Russia Market Analysis
- 17.10.1. By End-Use
17.11. BENELUX Market Analysis
- 17.11.1. By End-Use
17.12. China Market Analysis
- 17.12.1. By End-Use
17.13. Japan Market Analysis
- 17.13.1. By End-Use
17.14. South Korea Market Analysis
- 17.14.1. By End-Use
17.15. India Market Analysis
- 17.15.1. By End-Use
17.16. ASEAN Market Analysis
- 17.16.1. By End-Use
17.17. Australia & New Zealand Market Analysis
- 17.17.1. By End-Use
17.18. GCC Countries Market Analysis
- 17.18.1. By End-Use
17.19. Turkey Market Analysis
- 17.19.1. By End-Use
17.20. Northern Africa Market Analysis
- 17.20.1. By End-Use
17.21. South Africa Market Analysis
- 17.21.1. By End-Use

18. Market Structure Analysis

18.1. Market Concentration by Top Players
18.2. Market Analysis by Tier of Companies
18.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players
18.4. Apparent Production Capacity

19. Competition Analysis

19.1. Competition Dashboard
19.2. Competition Deep Dive (Company Profiles of Top 3 Indonesian Manufacturers)
- 19.2.1. PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (PUSRI)
  - 19.2.1.1. Overview
  - 19.2.1.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.2.1.3. Key Financials
  - 19.2.1.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.2.1.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.2.2. PT Pupuk Kujang
  - 19.2.2.1. Overview
  - 19.2.2.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.2.2.3. Key Financials
  - 19.2.2.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.2.2.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.2.3. PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
  - 19.2.3.1. Overview
  - 19.2.3.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.2.3.3. Key Financials
  - 19.2.3.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.2.3.5. Strategy Overview
19.3. Competition Deep Dive (Company Profiles of Top 3 Global Manufacturers)
- 19.3.1. Yara International ASA
  - 19.3.1.1. Overview
  - 19.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.1.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.1.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.1.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.2. Industries Qatar Q.P.S.C
  - 19.3.2.1. Overview
  - 19.3.2.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.2.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.2.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.2.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.3. SABIC
  - 19.3.3.1. Overview
  - 19.3.3.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.3.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.3.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.3.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.4. EuroChem Group
  - 19.3.4.1. Overview
  - 19.3.4.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.4.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.4.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.4.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.5. Nutrien Ltd
  - 19.3.5.1. Overview
  - 19.3.5.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.5.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.5.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.5.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.6. BASF SE
  - 19.3.6.1. Overview
  - 19.3.6.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.6.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.6.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.6.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.7. CF Industries Holdings, Inc.
  - 19.3.7.1. Overview
  - 19.3.7.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.7.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.7.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.7.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.8. OSTChem
  - 19.3.8.1. Overview
  - 19.3.8.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.8.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.8.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.8.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.9. China National Petroleum Corporation
  - 19.3.9.1. Overview
  - 19.3.9.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.9.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.9.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.9.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.10. PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (PUSRI)
  - 19.3.10.1. Overview
  - 19.3.10.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.10.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.10.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.10.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.11. PT Pupuk Kujang
  - 19.3.11.1. Overview
  - 19.3.11.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.11.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.11.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.11.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.12. PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
  - 19.3.12.1. Overview
  - 19.3.12.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.12.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.12.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.12.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.13. PT Petrokimia Gresik
  - 19.3.13.1. Overview
  - 19.3.13.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.13.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.13.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.13.5. Strategy Overview
- 19.3.14. PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda (PT PIM)
  - 19.3.14.1. Overview
  - 19.3.14.2. Product Portfolio
  - 19.3.14.3. Key Financials
  - 19.3.14.4. Recent Developments
  - 19.3.14.5. Strategy Overview