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市場調查報告書
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1572963

導電矽橡膠市場:2024-2031年全球產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢、預測

Conductive Silicone Rubber Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2024-2031

出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 161 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

Persistence Market Research最近發布了一份關於全球導電矽橡膠市場的綜合報告。本報告對關鍵市場動態進行了詳細分析,包括成長動力、市場趨勢、機會和挑戰,為市場當前結構和未來潛力提供了寶貴的見解。

主要見解

  • 導電矽橡膠市場規模(2024年):71.3億美元
  • 預計市值(2031年):116億美元
  • 全球市場成長率(2024-2031年年複合成長率):7.2%

導電矽橡膠市場:研究範圍

導電矽橡膠市場包括導電矽橡膠材料的市場開發與應用。這些材料用於多種應用,包括電子、汽車、醫療保健和消費品。導電矽橡膠具有獨特的性能,包括柔韌性、耐用性和耐極端溫度,使其成為需要可靠電氣性能的應用的理想選擇。隨著業界日益關注電子元件的小型化以及對輕量耐用材料的需求增加,導電矽橡膠成為人們關注的焦點。市場包括各種等級的矽橡膠,包括導熱、導電和特定應用的矽橡膠。

推動市場成長的因素:

有幾個因素推動全球導電矽橡膠市場的發展。在消費性電子產品、穿戴式裝置和電動車需求增加的推動下,電子產業的快速成長為導電矽橡膠創造了巨大的市場。該材料優異的熱性能和電氣性能使其適用於智慧型手機、平板電腦和其他電子設備。此外,汽車行業向電動車(EV)的轉變推動了對能夠承受高溫並提供可靠導電性的輕量材料的需求。

此外,對永續材料的日益關注也是導電矽橡膠配方創新的驅動力。製造商開發環保、可回收且無毒的傳統導電材料替代方案。醫療保健行業也為市場成長做出了貢獻,因為導電矽橡膠用於醫療設備和穿戴式健康監測系統,以增強患者護理和舒適度。

市場限制因素:

儘管前景廣闊,導電矽橡膠市場仍面臨一定的挑戰。先進有機矽配方的高製造成本可能會限制這些材料的採用,特別是在中小型企業(SME)中。此外,有機矽和導電填料等原材料價格的波動可能會影響利潤率並阻礙市場成長。

另一個主要挑戰是來自金屬和其他聚合物等替代導電材料的競爭。這些替代導電材料在某些應用中可以提供更低的成本或更好的性能。生產高品質導電矽橡膠所需的複雜製造流程也給製造商帶來了挑戰,因為他們努力滿足不斷成長的需求。

市場機會:

由於各行業的應用範圍不斷擴大,導電矽橡膠市場提供了巨大的成長機會。消費性電子和汽車應用對輕量和柔性材料的需求不斷成長,這是製造商的關鍵機會領域。目的是提高導電性和熱性能的矽橡膠配方的持續進步可能會帶來新產品的開發。

此外,製造、物流和醫療保健等各領域日益成長的自動化和智慧化趨勢預計將推動感測器、執行器和其他電子元件中導電矽橡膠的需求。此外,太陽能電池板和風力渦輪機等再生能源發電技術的日益普及為導電矽橡膠在發電應用中帶來了商機。

報告回答的關鍵問題

  • 推動全球導電矽橡膠市場成長的關鍵因素有哪些?
  • 矽橡膠配方的進步如何形塑市場的未來?
  • 導電矽橡膠產業製造商面臨的主要挑戰是什麼?
  • 誰是市場上的主要參與者? 他們採用什麼策略來保持競爭力?
  • 導電矽橡膠市場的新趨勢和未來前景是什麼?

目錄

第1章 執行摘要

第2章 市場概述

  • 市場範圍與定義
  • 市場動態
    • 促進因素
    • 抑制因素
    • 機會
    • 課題
    • 主要趨勢
  • 宏觀經濟因素
    • 世界產業展望
    • 全球 GDP 成長前景
    • 全球醫療保健支出前景
  • 新冠肺炎(COVID-19)影響分析
  • 預測因子 - 相關性和影響

第3章 附加價值見解

  • 產品採用率分析
  • 流行病學 - 聽力損失和聽力損失
  • 技術評估
  • 監理狀況
  • 價值鏈分析
    • 用途/市場列表
      • 零售
      • 電子商務
    • 最終用戶清單(行業)
  • 主要交易和合併
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析

第4章 2019-2031年價格趨勢分析

  • 主要亮點
  • 影響產品價格的主要因素
  • 價格分析:依產品分類
  • 依地區價格與產品偏好

第5章 全球導電矽橡膠市場展望:實績(2019-2023年)與預測(2024-2031年)

  • 主要亮點
    • 市場容量(噸)預測
    • 市場規模(百萬美元)和年成長率
    • 絕對數量的機會
  • 市場規模(百萬美元)分析與預測
    • 過去的市場規模(百萬美元)分析,2019-2023年
    • 2024-2031年當前市場規模(百萬美元)分析與預測
  • 全球導電矽橡膠市場前景:產品
    • 簡介/主要調查結果
    • 2019-2023年歷史市場規模(百萬美元)分析,依產品
    • 2024-2031年依產品的當前市場規模(百萬美元)分析和預測
      • 導熱係數
      • 電導率
  • 市場吸引力分析:產品
  • 全球導電矽橡膠市場前景:應用
    • 簡介/主要調查結果
    • 2019-2023年過去的市場規模(百萬美元)分析,依應用
    • 2024-2031年當前市場規模(百萬美元)分析與預測,依應用
      • 汽車
      • 電氣/電子
      • 工業機械
  • 市場吸引力分析:應用

第6章 全球導電矽橡膠市場前景:地區

  • 主要亮點
  • 2019-2023年依地區的歷史市場規模(百萬美元)和數量(噸)分析
  • 2024-2031年依地區的當前市場規模(百萬美元)和數量(噸)分析和預測
    • 北美
    • 歐洲
    • 東亞
    • 南亞/大洋洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中東、非洲
  • 市場吸引力分析:地區

第7章 北美導電矽橡膠市場展望:實績(2019-2023年)與預測(2024-2031年)

第8章 歐洲導電矽橡膠市場展望:實績(2019-2023年)與預測(2024-2031年)

第9章 東亞導電矽橡膠市場展望:實績(2019-2023年)與預測(2024-2031年)

第10章 南亞/大洋洲導電矽橡膠市場展望:實績(2019-2023年)與預測(2024-2031年)

第11章 拉丁美洲導電矽橡膠市場展望:實績(2019-2023)與預測(2024-2031)

第12章 中東和非洲導電矽橡膠市場展望:實績(2019-2023年)和預測(2024-2031年)

第13章 競爭態勢

  • 2024年市場佔有率分析
  • 市場結構
    • 競爭強度圖:依市場劃分
    • 競爭儀表板
  • 公司簡介(詳細資料 - 概述、財務狀況、策略、近期發展)
    • Dow
    • Saint-Gobain
    • Wacker Chemie AG
    • Western Rubbers
    • Western Polyrub India Pvt. Ltd.
    • Momentive
    • Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • Specialty Silicone Products, Inc.
    • KCC CORPORATION
    • China Bluestar International Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • REISS MANUFACTURING, INC.
    • MESGO SpA
    • Jan Huei K.H. Industry Co., Ltd.
    • 其他

第14章 附錄

  • 調查方法
  • 調查的先決條件
  • 首字母縮寫詞和縮寫詞
簡介目錄
Product Code: PMRREP34852

Persistence Market Research has recently published a comprehensive report on the global Conductive Silicone Rubber Market. This report provides an in-depth analysis of key market dynamics, including growth drivers, market trends, opportunities, and challenges, offering valuable insights into the market's current structure and future potential.

Key Insights:

  • Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Size (2024E): US$ 7.13 Bn
  • Projected Market Value (2031F): US$ 11.60 Bn
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2024 to 2031):7.2%

Conductive Silicone Rubber Market - Report Scope:

The Conductive Silicone Rubber Market encompasses the development and application of silicone rubber materials that possess electrical conductivity. These materials are used in various applications, including electronics, automotive, healthcare, and consumer goods. The unique properties of conductive silicone rubber, such as flexibility, durability, and resistance to extreme temperatures, make it ideal for applications requiring reliable electrical performance. As industries increasingly focus on the miniaturization of electronic components and the demand for lightweight and durable materials rises, conductive silicone rubber is gaining prominence. The scope of this market includes various grades of silicone rubber, including thermally conductive, electrically conductive, and those engineered for specific applications.

Market Growth Drivers:

Several factors are propelling the global Conductive Silicone Rubber Market. The rapid growth of the electronics sector, driven by the increasing demand for consumer electronics, wearable devices, and electric vehicles, has created a substantial market for conductive silicone rubber. The material's excellent thermal and electrical properties make it suitable for applications in smartphones, tablets, and other electronic devices. Additionally, the automotive industry's shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) is fueling demand for lightweight materials that can withstand high temperatures and provide reliable electrical conductivity.

Furthermore, the growing emphasis on sustainable materials is driving innovation in conductive silicone rubber formulations. Manufacturers are increasingly developing eco-friendly, recyclable, and non-toxic alternatives to traditional conductive materials. The healthcare sector also contributes to market growth, as conductive silicone rubber is used in medical devices and wearable health monitoring systems, enhancing patient care and comfort.

Market Restraints:

Despite its promising outlook, the Conductive Silicone Rubber Market faces certain challenges. High production costs associated with advanced silicone formulations may limit the adoption of these materials, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Additionally, the fluctuating prices of raw materials, such as silicone and conductive fillers, can affect profit margins and hinder market growth.

Another significant challenge is the competition from alternative conductive materials, such as metals and other polymers, which may offer lower costs or superior performance in specific applications. The complex manufacturing processes required for producing high-quality conductive silicone rubber can also pose challenges for manufacturers striving to meet increasing demand.

Market Opportunities:

The Conductive Silicone Rubber Market presents significant growth opportunities, driven by the expanding application scope across various industries. The increasing demand for lightweight and flexible materials in consumer electronics and automotive applications is a key opportunity area for manufacturers. Ongoing advancements in silicone rubber formulations, aimed at enhancing conductivity and thermal performance, will likely result in new product developments.

Furthermore, the trend toward automation and smart technologies in various sectors, including manufacturing, logistics, and healthcare, is expected to drive demand for conductive silicone rubber in sensors, actuators, and other electronic components. The growing adoption of renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels and wind turbines, also provides opportunities for conductive silicone rubber in power generation applications.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors driving the growth of the Conductive Silicone Rubber Market globally?
  • How are advancements in silicone rubber formulations shaping the future of the market?
  • What are the key challenges faced by manufacturers in the conductive silicone rubber industry?
  • Who are the major players in the market, and what strategies are they employing to maintain competitiveness?
  • What are the emerging trends and future prospects for the Conductive Silicone Rubber Market?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading companies in the global Conductive Silicone Rubber Market, including Wacker Chemie AG, Momentive Performance Materials Inc., and Dow Silicones Corporation, are focusing on technological advancements, product innovation, and strategic collaborations to gain a competitive advantage. These companies invest significantly in research and development to create advanced silicone rubber formulations tailored for various applications, from consumer electronics to automotive components.

Collaboration with end-users and industries helps these companies to identify specific needs and trends, enabling the development of customized solutions. Emphasis on sustainability and regulatory compliance, including the adoption of eco-friendly practices in manufacturing, is also becoming increasingly important for enhancing brand reputation and customer loyalty.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Dow
  • Saint-Gobain
  • Wacker Chemie AG
  • Western Rubbers
  • Western Polyrub India Pvt. Ltd.
  • Momentive
  • Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • Specialty Silicone Products, Inc.
  • KCC CORPORATION
  • China Bluestar International Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • REISS MANUFACTURING, INC.
  • MESGO SpA
  • Jan Huei K.H. Industry Co., Ltd.

Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Industry Segmentation

By Product

  • Thermally Conductive
  • Electrically Conductive

By Application

  • Automotive
  • Electrical & Electronics
  • Industrial Machines

By Region

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • South Asia & Oceania
  • East Asia
  • The Middle East & Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Snapshot, 2024-2031
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2024-2031, US$ Mn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
    • 2.3.3. Global Healthcare Spending Outlook
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact

3. Value Added Insights

  • 3.1. Product Adoption Analysis
  • 3.2. Epidemiology - Deafness and Hearing Loss
  • 3.3. Technology Assessment
  • 3.4. Regulatory Landscape
  • 3.5. Value Chain Analysis
    • 3.5.1. List of Application/Marketplaces
      • 3.5.1.1. Retail
      • 3.5.1.2. E-Commerce
    • 3.5.2. List of End User (Industry)
  • 3.6. Key Deals and Mergers
  • 3.7. PESTLE Analysis
  • 3.8. Porter's Five Force Analysis

4. Price Trend Analysis, 2019-2031

  • 4.1. Key Highlights
  • 4.2. Key Factors Impacting Product Prices
  • 4.3. Pricing Analysis, By Product
  • 4.4. Regional Prices and Product Preferences

5. Global Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
    • 5.1.1. Market Volume (Tons) Projections
    • 5.1.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Y-o-Y Growth
    • 5.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
  • 5.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast
    • 5.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, 2019-2023
    • 5.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, 2024-2031
  • 5.3. Global Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Product
    • 5.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Product, 2019-2023
    • 5.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
      • 5.3.3.1. Thermally Conductive
      • 5.3.3.2. Electrically Conductive
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Product
  • 5.5. Global Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Application
    • 5.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Application, 2019-2023
    • 5.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
      • 5.5.3.1. Automotive
      • 5.5.3.2. Electrical & Electronics
      • 5.5.3.3. Industrial Machines
  • 5.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Application

6. Global Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Region

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, By Region, 2019-2023
  • 6.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2024-2031
    • 6.3.1. North America
    • 6.3.2. Europe
    • 6.3.3. East Asia
    • 6.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 6.3.5. Latin America
    • 6.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 6.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

7. North America Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 7.3.1. By Country
    • 7.3.2. By Product
    • 7.3.3. By Application
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 7.4.1. U.S.
    • 7.4.2. Canada
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 7.5.1. Thermally Conductive
    • 7.5.2. Electrically Conductive
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 7.6.1. Automotive
    • 7.6.2. Electrical & Electronics
    • 7.6.3. Industrial Machines
  • 7.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Europe Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 8.3.1. By Country
    • 8.3.2. By Product
    • 8.3.3. By Application
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 8.4.1. Germany
    • 8.4.2. France
    • 8.4.3. U.K.
    • 8.4.4. Italy
    • 8.4.5. Spain
    • 8.4.6. Russia
    • 8.4.7. Turkiye
    • 8.4.8. Rest of Europe
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 8.5.1. Thermally Conductive
    • 8.5.2. Electrically Conductive
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 8.6.1. Automotive
    • 8.6.2. Electrical & Electronics
    • 8.6.3. Industrial Machines
  • 8.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. East Asia Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 9.3.1. By Country
    • 9.3.2. By Product
    • 9.3.3. By Application
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 9.4.1. China
    • 9.4.2. Japan
    • 9.4.3. South Korea
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 9.5.1. Thermally Conductive
    • 9.5.2. Electrically Conductive
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 9.6.1. Automotive
    • 9.6.2. Electrical & Electronics
    • 9.6.3. Industrial Machines
  • 9.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. South Asia & Oceania Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 10.3.1. By Country
    • 10.3.2. By Product
    • 10.3.3. By Application
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 10.4.1. India
    • 10.4.2. Southeast Asia
    • 10.4.3. ANZ
    • 10.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 10.5.1. Thermally Conductive
    • 10.5.2. Electrically Conductive
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 10.6.1. Automotive
    • 10.6.2. Electrical & Electronics
    • 10.6.3. Industrial Machines
  • 10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Latin America Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 11.3.1. By Country
    • 11.3.2. By Product
    • 11.3.3. By Application
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 11.4.1. Brazil
    • 11.4.2. Mexico
    • 11.4.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 11.5.1. Thermally Conductive
    • 11.5.2. Electrically Conductive
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 11.6.1. Automotive
    • 11.6.2. Electrical & Electronics
    • 11.6.3. Industrial Machines
  • 11.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Middle East & Africa Conductive Silicone Rubber Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 12.1. Key Highlights
  • 12.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 12.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Tons) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 12.3.1. By Country
    • 12.3.2. By Product
    • 12.3.3. By Application
  • 12.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 12.4.1. GCC Countries
    • 12.4.2. Egypt
    • 12.4.3. South Africa
    • 12.4.4. Northern Africa
    • 12.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 12.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 12.5.1. Thermally Conductive
    • 12.5.2. Electrically Conductive
  • 12.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 12.6.1. Automotive
    • 12.6.2. Electrical & Electronics
    • 12.6.3. Industrial Machines
  • 12.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

13. Competition Landscape

  • 13.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 13.2. Market Structure
    • 13.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
    • 13.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 13.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 13.3.1. Dow
      • 13.3.1.1. Overview
      • 13.3.1.2. Segments and Products
      • 13.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 13.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 13.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 13.3.2. Saint-Gobain
    • 13.3.3. Wacker Chemie AG
    • 13.3.4. Western Rubbers
    • 13.3.5. Western Polyrub India Pvt. Ltd.
    • 13.3.6. Momentive
    • 13.3.7. Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 13.3.8. Specialty Silicone Products, Inc.
    • 13.3.9. KCC CORPORATION
    • 13.3.10. China Bluestar International Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 13.3.11. REISS MANUFACTURING, INC.
    • 13.3.12. MESGO SpA
    • 13.3.13. Jan Huei K.H. Industry Co., Ltd.
    • 13.3.14. Others

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. Research Methodology
  • 14.2. Research Assumptions
  • 14.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations