世界電子設備市場(資料年鑑第3卷2024):中東歐國家電子設備生產與市場概況
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1594213

世界電子設備市場(資料年鑑第3卷2024):中東歐國家電子設備生產與市場概況

Yearbook of World Electronics Data Volume 3 2024 - World Summary and Overview of Electronics Production & Markets in CEE

出版日期: | 出版商: Reed Electronics Research | 英文 178 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

中歐和東歐 (CEE) 的電子產業集中在少數大型全球 OEM 和電子製造服務供應商,重點是 3C 領域。 2023年,3C領域總產值373億美元,佔電子設備產值的65.5%。 3C生產中心分佈在5個國家,其中波蘭、斯洛伐克、土耳其是電視生產的主要基地。捷克共和國的生產主要集中在計算領域,而匈牙利則生產計算和消費性電子相關設備的組合。

資訊圖表 2023 年中東歐電子產品產量(依國家)

對 3C 的關注是中東歐電子產業成長的關鍵因素。然而,由於大規模生產掌握在相對較少的公司手中,該地區仍然容易受到公司個別策略的影響。公司需要平衡靠近歐洲市場生產的好處與使用中國以及越來越多的其他亞洲國家的製造設施帶來的較低成本。

資訊圖表 2023年中東及非洲地區電子設備產量(依產品)

該地區工業和高端通訊設備的生產佔有率將繼續擴大,但由於3C領域的主導地位,整體比重仍將較低。這通常是由希望將生產從高成本的西歐地點轉移到國外的公司進行的,或者對於非歐洲公司來說,是由希望建立低成本製造地點以服務歐洲市場的公司進行的。這也是本土公司競爭的領域。

該地區已經是許多歐洲領先的電子製造服務 (EMS) 供應商的生產中心,預計到 2027 年,該地區的生產比例將不斷增加。

在中東歐地區,到 2023 年,零件將只佔電子設備產量的 12.8%。國內有幾家公司,但規模較小,主要生產被動元件。外國公司已在該國開展業務,包括Infineon Technologies和onsemi,這兩家公司都在擴大該地區現有的半導體設施。 2024年6月,Onsemi宣佈計畫投資20億美元擴大在該國現有工廠的碳化矽晶圓產量。

資訊圖表 2023年東歐各地區電子設備產量及市場

2023年,俄羅斯和烏克蘭佔該地區電子產品產量的8.8%和市場的22.6%。到 2023 年底,俄羅斯和烏克蘭的電子產品產量預計將達到 55 億美元,而 2021 年衝突爆發前為 52 億美元,其中俄羅斯的發展推動了成長。同期,兩國電子設備市場下降39.8%至239億美元(2021年:335億美元)。

本報告對中東歐國家電子設備市場進行調查,總結了中東歐國家全球電子設備產業的市場概況、電子設備產量、進出口趨勢以及具體國家數據。

目錄

第一章簡介

第二章世界概況資料

  • 經濟概況
  • 電子設備概述
    • 美洲
    • 日本
    • 亞洲
    • 西歐
    • 東歐
  • 2021年全球電子產品產量概覽
  • 2022年全球電子產品產量概覽
  • 2023年全球電子產品產量概覽
  • 2024年全球電子產品產量概覽
  • 2021年全球電子市場概覽
  • 2022年全球電子市場概覽
  • 2023年全球電子市場概覽
  • 2024年全球電子市場概覽
  • 2025年全球電子市場概覽
  • 2026年全球電子市場概覽
  • 2027年全球電子市場概覽

第三章中東歐概況資料

  • 中東歐經濟概況
  • 中東歐電子設備概況
  • 2021 年至 2022 年進口量
  • 2021 年至 2022 年的出口量
  • 東歐綜合生產概覽
  • 東歐醫療與工業生產概況
  • 東歐消費品生產概覽
  • 東歐零件生產概覽
  • 東歐市場概況
  • 東歐市場整合概述
  • 東歐醫療與工業市場概況
  • 東歐消費市場概覽
  • 東歐零件市場概覽

第 4 章國家資料

  • 保加利亞
  • 克羅埃西亞
  • 捷克共和國
  • 愛沙尼亞
  • 匈牙利
  • 立陶宛
  • 波蘭
  • 羅馬尼亞
  • 俄羅斯
  • 斯洛伐克
  • 斯洛維尼亞
  • 土耳其
  • 烏克蘭

第五章附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: ISBN 1 905429 991

CEE's electronics industry is focused on a small number of major global OEMs and electronic manufacturing services providers with the focus on the 3C segments. In total, the 3C segments amounted to US$37.3 billion in 2023, 65.5% of electronics equipment output. 3C production is centered on five countries with Poland, Slovakia and Turkey major centres for TV production. Production in the Czech Republic is focused on computing while Hungary is produces a combination of computing and consumer electronics related equipment.

INFOGRAPHICS

CEE Electronics Production by Country 2023

The focus on 3C has been a key factor in the growth of electronics industry across CEE. However, with volume manufacturing in the hands of a relatively few companies the region continues to be vulnerable to the individual strategies of the company. Companies will need to balance the advantages of producing in close proximity to the European market against the advantages offered through lower costs by utilising manufacturing facilities in China and increasingly other Asian countries.

INFOGRAPHICS

CEE Electronics Production by Product 2023

Industrial and high-end communications equipment production within the region will continue to take an increasing share of production, although in overall percentage terms it will remain low because of the dominant position held by the 3C segment. Although this will be led by foreign investment as companies look to move production from higher cost West European locations or in the case of non-European companies look to establish a low-cost manufacturing base to serve the European market, it is also an area where indigenous companies will compete.

The region is already a production base for many of the leading European Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) providers with the proportion of production undertaken in the region forecast to increase over the period to 2027.

Although the major players with large volume production plants will continue to dominate in value terms companies over the period there will be significant investment by medium-sized companies looking for a lower-cost European production base.

Within CEE, components account for only 12.8% of electronics output in 2023. There are several indigenous companies although they tend to be small and focused on passive components. Foreign companies have established operations in the country including Infineon Technologies and onsemi, both companies expanding their existing semiconductor facilities in the region with onsemi in June 2024 announcing plans to invest US$2 billion to expand silicon carbide wafer production at its existing operations in the country.

INFOGRAPHICS

East European Electronics Production & Market by Region 2023

In 2023, Russia and Ukraine accounted for 8.8% of electronics production in the region and 22.6% of the market. At the end of 2023 electronics production in Russia and Ukraine is forecast at US$5.5 billion and compared to US$5.2 billion prior to the start of the conflict in 2021, with growth being driven by developments in Russia. In the same period the electronics market in the two countries has declined 39.8% to US$23.9 billion (2021: US$33.5 billion).

Yearbook of World Electronics Data - Volume 3 East Europe & World Summary

Published since 1991 the Volume 3 of the Yearbook of World Electronics Data provides:

  • Unique World Summary covering the 53 countries in the Yearbook of World Electronics Data series
  • A single source solution allowing you to track the electronics industry in 13 countries in CEE
  • 13 major product groups.
  • Market and production forecasts.
  • CD-option allows you to manipulate the data quickly and easily: produce your own subsets or summaries of the data, create your own forecasts or cut and paste the data into your own in-house reports and presentations.

Who will benefit ?

The Yearbook is essential research providing key data for all areas of the electronics industry including:

  • Distributors and manufacturers of electronic components and materials.
  • Suppliers of electronic production equipment.
  • OEMs.
  • EMS Providers.
  • Government, including investment organizations.
  • Financial and industry analysts.
  • Academic institutes & universities tracking developments in the electronics industry.

The Yearbook of World Electronics Data

The Yearbook of World Electronics Data series presents market and production statistics for the GLOBAL electronics industry. Available in three published volumes covering 53 countries and 13 major product groups, the yearbook is used in the formulation of business and market planning, in tracking trends based on a clear understanding of how the industry has developed historically and to provide a basis for medium and long-term forecasting.

  • 53 country coverage, 13 major product groups
  • ... comparable country by country and product by product.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WORLD SUMMARY DATA

  • 2.1. Economic Overview
  • 2.2. Electronics Overview
    • 2.2.1. Americas
    • 2.2.2. Japan
    • 2.2.3. Asia
    • 2.2.4. Western Europe
    • 2.2.5. Eastern Europe
  • 2.3. Summary of World Electronics Production 2021
  • 2.4. Summary of World Electronics Production 2022
  • 2.5. Summary of World Electronics Production 2023
  • 2.6. Summary of World Electronics Production 2024
  • 2.7. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2021
  • 2.8. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2022
  • 2.9. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2023
  • 2.10. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2024
  • 2.11. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2025
  • 2.12. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2026
  • 2.13. Summary of World Electronics Markets 2027

3. CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE SUMMARY DATA

  • 3.1. Central & Eastern Europe Economic Overview
  • 3.2. Central & Eastern Europe Electronics Overview
  • 3.3. Imports 2021-2022
  • 3.4. Exports 2021-2022
  • 3.5. Consolidated Summary of East Europe Production 2021
  • 3.6. Consolidated Summary of East Europe Production 2022
  • 3.7. Consolidated Summary of East Europe Production 2023
  • 3.8. Consolidated Summary of East Europe Production 2024
  • 3.9. Summary of East Europe Medical & Industrial Production
  • 3.10. Summary of East Europe Consumer Production
  • 3.11. Summary of East Europe Components Production
  • 3.12. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2021
  • 3.13. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2022
  • 3.14. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2023
  • 3.15. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2024
  • 3.16. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2025
  • 3.17. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2026
  • 3.18. Consolidated East Europe Summary of Markets 2027
  • 3.19. Summary of East Europe Medical & Industrial Markets
  • 3.20. Summary of East Europe Consumer Markets
  • 3.21. Summary of East Europe Components Markets

4. COUNTRY DATA

  • 4.1. BULGARIA
    • 4.1.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.1.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.1.3. Bulgaria Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.1.4. Bulgaria Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.2. CROATIA
    • 4.2.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.2.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.2.3. Croatia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 3.2.4. Croatia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.3. Czech Republic
    • 4.3.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.3.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.3.3. Czech Republic Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.3.4. Czech Republic Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.4. Estonia
    • 4.4.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.4.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.4.3. Estonia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.4.4. Estonia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.5. HUNGARY
    • 4.5.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.5.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.5.3. Hungary Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.5.4. Hungary Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.6. LITHUANIA
    • 4.6.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.6.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.6.3. Lithuania Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.6.4. Lithuania Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.7. POLAND
    • 4.7.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.7.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.7.3. Poland Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.7.4. Poland Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.8. ROMANIA
    • 4.8.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.8.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.8.3. Romania Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.8.4. Romania Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2006-2012
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.9. RUSSIA
    • 4.9.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.9.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.9.3. Russia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.9.4. Russia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.10. SLOVAKIA
    • 4.10.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.10.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.10.3. Slovakia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.10.4. Slovakia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.11. SLOVENIA
    • 4.11.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.11.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.11.3. Slovenia Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.11.4. Slovenia Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.12. TURKEY
    • 4.12.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.12.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.12.3. Turkey Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.12.4. Turkey Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027
  • 4.13. UKRAINE
    • 4.13.1. Economic Outlook
    • 4.13.2. Electronics Industry Structure
    • 4.13.3. Ukraine Production
      • EDP 2021-2024
      • Office Equipment 2021-2024
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2024
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2024
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2024
      • Telecommunications 2021-2024
      • Consumer 2021-2024
        • Video 2021-2024
        • Audio 2021-2024
        • Personal 2021-2024
      • Components 2021-2024
        • Active 2021-2024
        • Passive 2021-2024
        • Other 2021-2024
    • 4.13.4. Ukraine Markets
      • EDP 2021-2027
      • Office Equipment 2021-2027
      • Control & Instrumentation 2021-2027
      • Medical & Industrial 2021-2027
      • Communications & Radar 2021-2027
      • Telecommunications 2021-2027
      • Consumer 2021-2027
        • Video 2021-2027
        • Audio 2021-2027
        • Personal 2021-2027
      • Components 2021-2027
        • Active 2021-2027
        • Passive 2021-2027
        • Other 2021-2027

5. APPENDICES

  • 5.1. World Exchange Rates
  • 5.2. Gide to the Interpretation of the Statistics
  • 5.3. Guide to International Statistical Classifications
  • 5.4. Guide to the Definition of the Electronic Product Headings
  • 5.5. List of Sources