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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1324361

2030 年鉭市場預測:按產品類型、產品型態、產品等級、用途、最終用戶和地區進行的全球分析

Tantalum Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Product Type, Product Forms, Product Grade, Application, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 175+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據Stratistics MRC的數據,2023年全球鉭市場規模為48.2億美元,預計到2030年將達到83.3億美元,預測期內年複合成長率為8.13%。

鉭是一種過渡金屬,熔點高,耐腐蝕強。它是一種閃亮的藍灰色化學元素,很難找到。儘管硬岩礦是鉭的主要資訊,但在手工礦山和錫渣、鉭鐵礦、哥倫比亞和科爾頓等礦物中也發現了鉭。由於其化學穩定性,鉭被用作鉑的替代品,具有廣泛的用途,包括實驗室設備、電子設備、醫療設備和高溫合金的生產。

據印度品牌資產基金會稱,到 2025 年,電子產品消費將從 2020 年的 330 億美元增至 4000 億美元。

電子行業需求旺盛

航太以及電子設備和小工俱生產對鉭的高需求正在推動鉭市場的發展。最廣泛使用的鉭形式是金屬絲和粉末。我們的專長之一是電容器的生產。碳化鉭用於製造切削工具,氧化鉭用於製造相機鏡頭和 X設備。這些因素同樣導致市場擴張。

價格波動和供需中斷

鋰、鉬、銦和鈮都是鉭的成分,因此價格波動會阻礙市場擴張。鉭行業的價格波動和市場波動表明了供應鏈的彈性和穩定性問題。因此,由於價格波動、供需失衡等阻礙市場成長的要素,鉭市場面臨著諸多挑戰。

高階技術的創新和採用

近幾十年來,世界各地的工業發展並採用了高階技術、自動化、電腦化資料記錄、採集和檢測等先進技術,增加了工業領域對電子設備的需求。 LTE/4G 網路和物聯網 (IoT) 服務的部署等技術驅動型轉型推動了全球服務業的成長。因此,對筆記型電腦、個人電腦和空調等電子設備和電器產品的需求不斷增加。未來幾年,由於電子行業的成長,對鉭的需求可能會增加。

供應有限

鉭是一種相對稀有的金屬,只有盧旺達和剛果民主共和國(DRC)等少數國家擁有大量蘊藏量。在用途中,鉭可以用鈮和陶瓷等其他材料替代,從而可能減少需求和價格。此外,由於這些地區的政治不穩定和衝突,供應波動正在影響全球鉭市場。這些波動可能會擾亂市場。

COVID-19 的影響:

由於生產限制、供應鏈中斷、物流挑戰和需求減少,COVID-19 疫情對鉭市場產生了重大影響。然而,由於航太、電氣和電子等關鍵領域的強勁需求和蓬勃發展的用途,預計鉭市場在預測期內將迅速擴張。

在預測期內,電氣和電子行業預計將是最大的。

由於高功率電阻器和電容器的生產對鉭的需求量很大,預計電氣和電子行業在預測期內將佔據最大的市場佔有率。通過在電容器中使用鉭,電容器變得更輕、更小。因此,個人電腦、行動電話和汽車電子設備的製造對電容器的需求不斷增加。因此,電氣和電子行業正在擴大並推動市場。

預計電容器行業在預測期內復合年複合成長率最高

由於最終用途行業的需求不斷增加,預計電容器行業在預測期內將迅速擴張。電容器用於製造電解電容器。醫療、航太和可再生能源領域只是經常使用這些電解電容器的幾個例子。此外,鉭電容器是電容器中單位面積電容最高的電容器,常用於小型電氣設備中。

比例最高的地區:

預計亞太地區在預測期內將佔據最大的市場佔有率。該市場主要是由電子設備、航太和醫療設備等最終用戶行業不斷成長的需求推動的。中國是亞太地區最大的鉭消費國。未來幾年,隨著亞太地區的快速成長,國產鉭電容器的市場佔有率預計將繼續增加。

複合年複合成長率最高的地區:

在預測期內,北美預計將為市場供應商提供大量擴張機會。該地區生物燃料市場的成長將受到智慧手機使用量增加的顯著影響,這推動了對電容器的需求。該地區的主要鉭市場是美國和加拿大。此外,北美地區採礦業務的增加預計將支持預測期內市場的強勁擴張。

免費客製化服務:

訂閱此報告的客戶將收到以下免費客製化選項之一:

  • 公司簡介
    • 其他市場參與者的綜合分析(最多 3 家公司)
    • 主要企業SWOT分析(最多3家企業)
  • 區域分割
    • 根據客戶興趣對主要國家的市場估計、預測和年複合成長率(注:基於可行性檢查)
  • 競爭標杆管理
    • 根據產品系列、地域分佈和戰略聯盟對主要企業進行基準測試

目錄

第1章 執行摘要

第2章 前言

  • 概述
  • 利益相關者
  • 調查範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料挖掘
    • 資料分析
    • 資料檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 調查來源
    • 主要調查來源
    • 二次調查來源
    • 假設

第3章 市場趨勢分析

  • 促進因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 產品分析
  • 用途分析
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新型冠狀病毒感染疾病(COVID-19)的影響

第4章 波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買方議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭公司之間的敵對關係

第5章 全球鉭市場:按產品類型

  • 鉭酸鋰
  • 碳化鉭
  • 氧化鉭
  • 其他產品類型

第6章 全球鉭市場:按型態

  • 合金
  • 碳化物
  • 金屬
  • 粉末
  • 其他型態

第7章 全球鉭市場:按等級

  • 醫用級鉭
  • 商業級鉭

第8章 全球鉭市場:按用途

  • 電容器
  • 化學加工設備
  • 引擎渦輪葉片
  • 醫用器材
  • 半導體
  • 其他用途

第9章 全球鉭市場:按最終用戶分類

  • 航太
    • 導彈零件
    • 超音速飛機
    • 太空船
  • 電力/電子
    • 行動電話
    • 電腦
    • 鏡頭
  • 醫療保健
  • 化學和製藥
  • 其他最終用戶

第10章 全球鉭市場:按地區

  • 北美
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳大利亞
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲

第11章進展

  • 契約、夥伴關係、協作和合資企業
  • 收購和合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第12章公司簡介

  • Admat Inc.
  • Advanced Materials Inc.
  • AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group NV
  • Cabot Corp.
  • China Minmetals Corporation
  • CNMC Ningxia Orient Group Co. Ltd
  • Ethiopia Mineral Development Share Company
  • Fogang Jiata Metals Co. Ltd
  • Global Advanced Metals Pty Ltd
  • HC Starck GmbH
  • High-Performance Alloys, Inc.
  • Jiangxi Tungsten Industry Group Co. Ltd
  • Mokawa Inc.
  • Ningxia Orient Tantalum Industry Co. Ltd
  • Talison Minerals Pvt. Ltd.
  • Taniobis GmbH
  • Tantec GmbH
  • The USA Titanium Industry Inc.
  • Ultra metal minor Limited
Product Code: SMRC23586

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Tantalum Market is accounted for $4.82 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach $8.33 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 8.13% during the forecast period. Tantalum is a transition metal that has a high melting point and strong corrosion resistance. It is a chemical element that is lustrous and blue-grey in colour and extremely hard to find. Hard rock mines are the primary source of tantalum, but it is also present in artisanal mines, tin slag, and minerals like tantalite, columbine, and colton. Tantalum is used as a substitute for platinum due to its chemical immobility and has a wide range of uses in laboratory equipment, electronic devices, medical equipment, the production of superalloys, etc.

According to the India Brand Equity Foundation, By 2025, Electronics consumption will increase to US$400 billion by 2025, up from US$33 billion in FY20.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

High demand from electronics industry

The high demand for tantalum in the aerospace and aviation industries, as well as in the production of electronic devices and gadgets, is what drives the tantalum market. The most widely used forms of tantalum are wire and powder. One of their areas of expertise is the production of capacitors. Tantalum carbide is used to make cutting tools, whereas tantalum oxide is used to make camera lenses and X-ray equipment. These elements are equally responsible for the market's expansion.

Restraint:

Price volatility and disruption in supply demand

As lithium, molybdenum, indium, and niobium are all components of tantalum, price fluctuations may hinder the market's expansion. The tantalum industry's price swings and market turbulence indicate issues with the supply chain's resiliency and stability. The tantalum market thus faces a number of difficulties as a result of factors like price volatility and a demand-supply imbalance, which hinder market growth.

Opportunity:

Innovation and adoption of high-end technologies

In the last few decades, there has been an increase in demand for electronic devices in the industrial sector due to the development and adoption of high-end technologies, automation, computerised data recording, collection, and inspection practises, and other such advanced techniques in industries around the world. Global service sector growth is being accelerated by technology-driven transformation, including the deployment of LTE/4G networks and Internet of Things (IoT) services. This has increased demand for electronic devices and appliances, including laptops, computers, air conditioners, and other items. In the upcoming years, the demand for tantalum is likely to rise due to the growth of the electronics industry.

Threat:

Limited supply

Tantalum is a relatively uncommon metal, and only a few nations, including Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), have significant reserves. Tantalum can be replaced with other materials, such as niobium or ceramics, in some applications, which can lower demand and prices. Additionally, supply fluctuations have had an impact on the global tantalum market as a result of political unrest and conflict in these areas. Such fluctuations may hinder the market.

COVID-19 Impact:

Due to limited production, a broken supply chain, logistical challenges, and a decline in demand, the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the tantalum market. However, with strong demand and flourishing applications in important sectors like aerospace, electrical and electronics, and others, it is anticipated that the tantalum market will expand quickly over the course of the forecast period.

The electrical & electronics segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

Due to the significant demand for tantalum in the production of high-power resistors and capacitors, the Electrical & Electronics segment is anticipated to hold the largest market share during the forecast period. Tantalum in capacitors makes them lighter and smaller. Because of this, there is an increasing need for capacitors in the production of personal computers, mobile phones, and automotive electronics. As a result, the electrical and electronics industry is expanding and driving the market.

The capacitors segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Due to rising demand from end-use industries, the capacitors segment is anticipated to expand quickly during the forecast period. In order to make electrolytic capacitors, capacitors are used. The medical, aerospace, and renewable energy sectors are just a few that frequently use these electrolytic capacitors. Additionally, tantalum capacitors, which have the highest capacitance per unit space of any capacitor, are frequently used in compact electrical apparatus.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, Asia-Pacific is expected to hold the largest market share. The market is primarily being propelled by the rise in demand from end-user industries such as electronics, aerospace, and medical equipment. The largest tantalum consumer in the Asia-Pacific region is China. In the upcoming years, it is anticipated that domestic tantalum capacitors will continue to gain market share, combined with Asia-Pacific's rapid growth.

Region with highest CAGR:

During the projection timeframe, North America is anticipated to offer market vendors a number of expansion opportunities. The growth of the biofuels market in this region will be greatly impacted by the increase in smartphone use that is driving up capacitor demand. The region's main tantalum markets are in the US and Canada. Furthermore, over the course of the forecast period, it is expected that the growing number of mining operations in the North American region will support the market's robust expansion.

Key players in the market:

Some of the key players profiled in the Tantalum Market include: Admat Inc., Advanced Materials Inc., AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group NV, Cabot Corp., China Minmetals Corporation,CNMC Ningxia Orient Group Co. Ltd, Ethiopia Mineral Development Share Company, Fogang Jiata Metals Co. Ltd, Global Advanced Metals Pty Ltd, H.C. Starck GmbH, High-Performance Alloys, Inc., Jiangxi Tungsten Industry Group Co. Ltd, Mokawa Inc., Ningxia Orient Tantalum Industry Co. Ltd, Talison Minerals Pvt. Ltd., Taniobis GmbH, Tantec GmbH, The USA Titanium Industry Inc. and Ultra metal minor Limited.

Key Developments:

In April 2023, Cabot Corporation announced that it has acquired the Chiba solar farm from Shoko Co., Ltd. The solar farm adjoins Cabot's carbon black manufacturing facility in Chiba, Japan and will enable Cabot to export solar power as renewable energy to the electrical grid in the region. The Chiba solar farm generates up to 3,500 megawatt-hours (MWh) per year of electricity, which is equivalent to powering over 700 homes in Japan annually. The acquisition supports the company's sustainability strategy as the solar farm is an investment in renewable energy.

In April 2023, As part of the HVBatCycle (high voltage battery recycling) project, TANIOBIS has put the lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling facility into operation. The project's objective was to develop sustainable, energy-efficient processes throughout the HV battery value chain, ultimately creating a closed battery materials loop. This has now been achieved.

In June 2022, H.C. Starck Tungsten Powders, a subsidiary of the Masan High-Tech Materials Group, and the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Wurttemberg (ZSW) are jointly investigating the use of tungsten-based cathode coatings in lithium-ion batteries. After various tungsten precursors were first systematically examined for their suitability, the first coating tests have now started. This will be followed by electrochemical investigations.

Product Types Covered:

  • Lithium Tantalite
  • Tantalum Carbide
  • Tantalum Oxide
  • Other Product Types

Forms Covered:

  • Alloys
  • Carbide
  • Metal
  • Powder
  • Other Forms

Grades Covered:

  • Medical Grade Tantalum
  • Commercial Grade Tantalum

Applications Covered:

  • Capacitors
  • Chemical Processing Equipment
  • Engine Turbine Blades
  • Medical Equipment
  • Semiconductors
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Aerospace
  • Electrical & Electronics
  • Medical & Healthcare
  • Chemical & Pharmaceuticals
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2021, 2022, 2023, 2026 and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 Application Analysis
  • 3.8 End User Analysis
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Tantalum Market, By Product Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Lithium Tantalite
  • 5.3 Tantalum Carbide
  • 5.4 Tantalum Oxide
  • 5.5 Other Product Types

6 Global Tantalum Market, By Form

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Alloys
  • 6.3 Carbide
  • 6.4 Metal
  • 6.5 Powder
  • 6.6 Other Forms

7 Global Tantalum Market, By Grade

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Medical Grade Tantalum
  • 7.3 Commercial Grade Tantalum

8 Global Tantalum Market, By Application

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Capacitors
  • 8.3 Chemical Processing Equipment
  • 8.4 Engine Turbine Blades
  • 8.5 Medical Equipment
  • 8.6 Semiconductors
  • 8.7 Other Applications

9 Global Tantalum Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Aerospace
    • 9.2.1 Missile Parts
    • 9.2.2 Supersonic Aircrafts
    • 9.2.3 Space Vehicles
  • 9.3 Electrical & Electronics
    • 9.3.1 Mobile Phones
    • 9.3.2 Computers
    • 9.3.3 Camera Lenses
  • 9.4 Medical & Healthcare
  • 9.5 Chemical & Pharmaceuticals
  • 9.6 Other End Users

10 Global Tantalum Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 Admat Inc.
  • 12.2 Advanced Materials Inc.
  • 12.3 AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group NV
  • 12.4 Cabot Corp.
  • 12.5 China Minmetals Corporation
  • 12.6 CNMC Ningxia Orient Group Co. Ltd
  • 12.7 Ethiopia Mineral Development Share Company
  • 12.8 Fogang Jiata Metals Co. Ltd
  • 12.9 Global Advanced Metals Pty Ltd
  • 12.10 H.C. Starck GmbH
  • 12.11 High-Performance Alloys, Inc.
  • 12.12 Jiangxi Tungsten Industry Group Co. Ltd
  • 12.13 Mokawa Inc.
  • 12.14 Ningxia Orient Tantalum Industry Co. Ltd
  • 12.15 Talison Minerals Pvt. Ltd.
  • 12.16 Taniobis GmbH
  • 12.17 Tantec GmbH
  • 12.18 The USA Titanium Industry Inc.
  • 12.19 Ultra metal minor Limited

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Region (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Product Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Lithium Tantalite (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Tantalum Carbide (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Tantalum Oxide (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Other Product Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Form (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Alloys (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Carbide (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Metal (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Powder (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Other Forms (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Grade (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Medical Grade Tantalum (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Commercial Grade Tantalum (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Capacitors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Chemical Processing Equipment (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Engine Turbine Blades (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Medical Equipment (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Semiconductors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Missile Parts (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Supersonic Aircrafts (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Space Vehicles (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Electrical & Electronics (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Mobile Phones (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Computers (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Camera Lenses (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Medical & Healthcare (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Chemical & Pharmaceuticals (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 34 Global Tantalum Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.