查看購物車
  • Simplified Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1453994

到 2030 年人數統計系統市場預測：按類型、部署、組件、應用程式、最終用戶和地區進行的全球分析

People Counting System Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Type (Infrared Beam, Thermal Imaging, Video-Based, 3D Time-of-Flight, Stereoscopic Vision, Wi-Fi Tracking & Other Types), Deployment, Component, Application, End User & By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據Stratistics MRC預測，2023年全球人數統計系統市場規模將達到11.9億美元，預計2030年將達到25.6億美元，預測期內年複合成長率為12.9%。

人數統計系統是先進的解決方案，用於準確追蹤和分析各種環境中的人流。這些系統提供有價值的資料來最佳化業務、改善客戶體驗並增強安全性。人工智慧和物聯網的整合提供了進階分析、即時監控和預測洞察。人數統計系統是企業了解和管理人群流動、做出資料驅動決策並最終提高效率和盈利的重要工具。

根據國際客戶管理協會 (ICMI) 2017 年的報告，15.0% 的客服中心利用雲端基礎的勞動力管理解決方案，而使用本地解決方案的組織中有 36.0% 正在轉向雲端基礎的勞動力管理解決方案。 。

越來越重視雲端管理

為了應對零售、交通和娛樂等各個領域對安全、安保和業務效率日益成長的擔憂，人們正在引入人員聚集系統。這些系統提供有關人群密度、流動模式和占用程度的即時資料，使企業能夠實施有效的人群管理措施、最佳化資源分配並確保遵守安全法規。因此，對準確可靠的人數統計解決方案的需求不斷增加，推動了市場的顯著成長。

隱私問題

計數系統中的隱私問題主要涉及個人資料的收集和使用。此類系統引起人們的擔憂，即個人的隱私權可能會受到侵犯，例如未經個人同意就追蹤或記錄他們的活動。這些隱私問題導致監管障礙、公眾抵制以及公司不願實施計數系統，阻礙了市場成長。

更加重視安全

各行各業的企業都在優先考慮安全措施，以保護其客戶、員工和資產。人數統計系統具有雙重好處，不僅可以提供準確的人群計數，還可以幫助安全監控和管理。這些系統可以幫助識別可疑行為，即時監控人群移動，並確保遵守安全通訊協定。因此，隨著企業尋求全面的解決方案來加強安全措施並維護安全的環境，對人數統計系統的需求不斷增加，推動了市場成長。

初始投資高

人數統計系統需要專門的硬體、軟體和安裝成本，導致初始投資較高。將這些系統與現有基礎設施整合的複雜性進一步增加了初始投資。高昂的初始成本是採用的障礙，特別是對於預算有限的中小型企業。這些投資障礙限制了市場成長，因為公司不願承擔成本並放慢了人數統計系統的採用速度。

COVID-19 的影響

由於企業和公共場所優先考慮人群管理和社交距離措施，因此 COVID-19 大流行對人員聚集系統市場產生了重大影響。零售、運輸、醫療保健和酒店業對準確人數統計解決方案的需求激增，以確保遵守居住限制和安全通訊協定。然而，在大流行的早期階段，由於廣泛的經濟混亂和暫時關閉，市場成長放緩。儘管如此，隨著企業適應新常態，市場經歷了復甦，凸顯了人群監控和分析對業務效率和安全的重要性。

雲端基礎的細分市場預計將在預測期內成為最大的細分市場

雲端基礎的細分市場預計將出現良好的成長。雲端基礎的人員聚集系統部署將系統的基礎設施和資料儲存託管在可透過網際網路存取的遠端伺服器上。利用雲端技術具有可擴展性、彈性和可訪問性的優勢。它支援即時資料處理、分析和存儲，以有效管理計數系統產生的大量資料。此外，雲端基礎的部署有助於與其他系統和設備的整合，透過集中管理和更新增強安全性，並減少本地硬體維護的需求。

零售領域預估在預測期內年複合成長率最高

零售領域預計在預測期內年複合成長率最高。人數統計系統是一種用於追蹤和分析商店和購物區內人流量的技術。透過攝影機、紅外線光束等多種感測器，即時準確統計進出某個地點的人數。這些資料提供了有關客戶行為的寶貴見解，包括高峰時段、熱門區域和轉換率。零售商利用這些資訊來最佳化商店佈局、人員配置和行銷策略，最終提高業務效率、改善客戶體驗並增加銷售。

佔比最大的地區：

由於都市化的加速、零售業投資的增加以及對安全和安保措施的日益重視，預計亞太地區在預測期內將佔據最大的市場佔有率。中國、日本和印度等國家由於人口眾多且商業基礎設施不斷擴大，因此將廣泛採用。此外，人工智慧分析和物聯網整合等技術進步正在提高人數統計系統的準確性和功能，進一步推動市場成長。

年複合成長率最高的地區：

預計北美在預測期內的年複合成長率最高。該地區日益成熟的零售業，加上對資料主導決策的日益重視，正在推動對準確人數統計解決方案的需求。此外，人們對安保和安全的日益關注，特別是在公共場所和交通樞紐，也促進了市場的成長。人工智慧和物聯網整合等技術進步將進一步推動採用。總體而言，北美仍然是計數系統的領先市場，並且預計將繼續成長。

免費客製化服務：

訂閱此報告的客戶可以存取以下免費自訂選項之一：

  • 公司簡介
    • 其他市場參與者的綜合分析（最多 3 家公司）
    • 主要企業SWOT分析（最多3家企業）
  • 區域分割
    • 根據客戶興趣對主要國家的市場估計、預測和年複合成長率（註：基於可行性檢查）
  • 競爭基準化分析
    • 根據產品系列、地理分佈和策略聯盟對主要企業基準化分析

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相關利益者
  • 調查範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料探勘
    • 資料分析
    • 資料檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 調查來源
    • 主要調查來源
    • 二次調查來源
    • 先決條件

第3章市場趨勢分析

  • 促進因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 應用分析
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新興市場
  • 新型冠狀病毒感染疾病（COVID-19）的影響

第4章波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買方議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭公司之間的敵對關係

第5章全球人數統計系統市場：依類型

  • 紅外線光束
  • 熱成像處理
  • 影片庫
  • 3D飛行時間
  • 立體視覺
  • 無線網路追蹤
  • 其他類型

第6章全球人數統計系統市場：依部署

  • 本地
  • 雲端基礎

第7章全球人數統計系統市場：依組成部分

  • 硬體
  • 軟體
  • 服務

第8章全球人數統計系統市場：按應用

  • 足跡分析
  • 佇列管理
  • 客戶行為分析
  • 人員最佳化
  • 安全和監視
  • 熱圖
  • 佔用監控
  • 其他用途

第9章全球人數統計系統市場：依最終使用者分類

  • 零售
  • 運輸
  • 款待
  • 衛生保健
  • 銀行和金融
  • 娛樂和體育
  • 其他最終用戶

第10章全球人數統計系統市場：按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲

第11章 主要進展

  • 合約、夥伴關係、協作和合資企業
  • 收購和合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第12章 公司簡介

  • Fluke Corporation
  • FLIR Systems
  • Axis Communications
  • Haltian Limited
  • V-Count
  • Traf-Sys Inc.
  • Hikvision
  • ShopperTrak
  • CountWise LLC
  • Axiomatic Technology Limited
  • DILAX Intelcom GmbH
  • HELLA Aglaia Mobile Vision GmbH
  • InfraRed Integrated Systems Limited
  • Xovis AG
  • SensMax Limited
  • RetailNext
Product Code: SMRC25546

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global People Counting System Market is accounted for $1.19 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach $2.56 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 12.9% during the forecast period. People counting systems are advanced solutions used to accurately track and analyze foot traffic in various settings. These systems provide invaluable data for optimizing operations, improving customer experiences, and enhancing security. With the integration of AI and IoT, they offer sophisticated analytics, real-time monitoring, and predictive insights. People Counting Systems are essential tools for businesses seeking to understand and manage crowd flow, make data-driven decisions, and ultimately enhance efficiency and profitability.

According to a report published by the International Customer Management Institute (ICMI) in 2017, 15.0% of the contact centers leverage cloud-based workforce management solutions; whereas, 36.0% of organizations that use on-premise solutions are switching to cloud-based workforce management solutions.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Growing emphasis on crowd management

In response to increasing concerns about safety, security, and operational efficiency in various sectors such as retail, transportation, and entertainment, businesses are increasingly adopting people counting systems. These systems provide real-time data on crowd density, flow patterns, and occupancy levels, enabling businesses to implement effective crowd control measures, optimize resource allocation, and ensure compliance with safety regulations. As a result, the demand for accurate and reliable people counting solutions is escalating, driving substantial growth in the market.

Restraint:

Privacy concerns

Privacy concerns in people counting systems primarily revolve around the collection and use of personal data. Deploying such systems raises apprehensions regarding potential violations of individuals' privacy rights, including tracking and recording their movements without consent. These privacy apprehensions can result in regulatory hurdles, public resistance, and reluctance from businesses to implement people counting systems, thereby hampering market growth.

Opportunity:

Increasing focus on security

Businesses across numerous sectors prioritize security measures to safeguard customers, employees, and assets. People counting systems offer a dual benefit by not only providing accurate crowd counting but also aiding in security monitoring and management. These systems help identify suspicious behaviour, monitor crowd movements in real-time, and ensure compliance with safety protocols. Consequently, the demand for people counting systems continues to rise as organizations seek comprehensive solutions to enhance security measures and maintain safe environments, driving market growth.

Threat:

High initial investments

People counting systems entail high initial investments due to the need for specialized hardware, software, and installation costs. The complexity of integrating these systems with existing infrastructure further adds to the initial expenditure. High upfront costs can deter adoption, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises with limited budgets. This investment barrier restricts market growth as businesses may hesitate to commit to the expense, slowing down the adoption rate of people counting systems.

Covid-19 Impact

The covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted the people counting system market as businesses and public spaces prioritized crowd management and social distancing measures. Demand for accurate people counting solutions surged across retail, transportation, healthcare, and hospitality sectors to ensure compliance with occupancy limits and safety protocols. However, widespread economic disruptions and temporary closures led to a slowdown in market growth during the initial phases of the pandemic. Nonetheless, the market experienced resurgence as businesses adapted to the new normal, emphasizing the importance of crowd monitoring and analytics for operational efficiency and safety.

The cloud-based segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The cloud-based segment is estimated to have a lucrative growth. Cloud-based deployment in a people counting system involves hosting the system's infrastructure and data storage on remote servers accessed via the internet. Utilizing cloud technology offers scalability, flexibility, and accessibility benefits. It enables real-time data processing, analysis, and storage, allowing for efficient management of large volumes of data generated by the people counting system. Additionally, cloud-based deployment facilitates easy integration with other systems and devices, enhances security through centralized management and updates, and reduces the need for on-premises hardware maintenance.

The retail segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The retail segment is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR growth during the forecast period. People counting system is a technology used to track and analyze foot traffic within stores or shopping areas. By utilizing various sensors like cameras or infrared beams, it accurately counts the number of people entering and exiting a location in real-time. This data provides valuable insights into customer behaviour, such as peak hours, popular zones, and conversion rates. Retailers leverage this information to optimize store layouts, staff allocation, and marketing strategies, ultimately enhancing operational efficiency, improving customer experience, and boosting sales.

Region with largest share:

Asia Pacific is projected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period owing to increasing urbanization, rising retail sector investments, and a growing emphasis on safety and security measures. Countries like China, Japan, and India are witnessing significant adoption due to their large population bases and expanding commercial infrastructure. Moreover, technological advancements, such as AI-powered analytics and IoT integration, are enhancing the accuracy and functionality of people counting systems, further fueling market growth.

Region with highest CAGR:

North America is projected to have the highest CAGR over the forecast period. The region's mature retail sector, coupled with the growing emphasis on data-driven decision-making, drives demand for accurate people counting solutions. Additionally, increasing concerns about security and safety, particularly in public spaces and transportation hubs, contribute to market growth. Technological advancements, such as AI and IoT integration, further propel adoption. Overall, North America continues to be a key market for people counting systems, with sustained growth projected in the coming years.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players profiled in the People Counting System Market include Fluke Corporation, FLIR Systems, Axis Communications, Haltian Limited, V-Count, Traf-Sys Inc., Hikvision, ShopperTrak, CountWise LLC, Axiomatic Technology Limited, DILAX Intelcom GmbH, HELLA Aglaia Mobile Vision GmbH, InfraRed Integrated Systems Limited, Xovis AG, SensMax Limited and RetailNext.

Key Developments:

In September 2022, Fluke India launches 2 New exciting Digital Multi-meters - Fluke 15B MAX & Fluke 17B MAX. The products inherit the classic design of Fluke multimeters and fully upgrade their functions to meet your requirements for safe, accurate, durable, and easy-to-use measurements. They come with many enhancements like better display resolution, higher measurement range, and improved safety thru wrong input alarm.

In August 2022, Haltian launched a new product for people counting named Thingsee COUNT. Thingsee COUNT is a directional, non-camera based and anonymous real-time IoT people counter with wireless data transmission for smart building and office applications. Thingsee COUNT will also help companies plan and execute their return to office policies better as many companies now want to know what the people density is and how many people visit the office.

Types Covered:

  • Infrared Beam
  • Thermal Imaging
  • Stereoscopic Vision
  • Time-of-Flight (ToF)
  • Wi-Fi Tracking
  • Bluetooth Tracking
  • Ultrasonic Sensors
  • Other Types

Deployments Covered:

  • On-Premises
  • Cloud-based

Components Covered:

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • Services

Applications Covered:

  • Footfall Analysis
  • Queue Management
  • Customer Behaviour Analysis
  • Staff Optimization
  • Security & Surveillance
  • Heat Mapping
  • Occupancy Monitoring
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Retail
  • Transportation
  • Hospitality
  • Healthcare
  • Banking & Finance
  • Entertainment & Sports
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2021, 2022, 2023, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global People Counting System Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Infrared Beam
  • 5.3 Thermal Imaging
  • 5.4 Video-Based
  • 5.5 3D Time-of-Flight
  • 5.6 Stereoscopic Vision
  • 5.7 Wi-Fi Tracking
  • 5.8 Other Types

6 Global People Counting System Market, By Deployment

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 On-Premises
  • 6.3 Cloud-based

7 Global People Counting System Market, By Component

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Hardware
  • 7.3 Software
  • 7.4 Services

8 Global People Counting System Market, By Application

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Footfall Analysis
  • 8.3 Queue Management
  • 8.4 Customer Behaviour Analysis
  • 8.5 Staff Optimization
  • 8.6 Security & Surveillance
  • 8.7 Heat Mapping
  • 8.8 Occupancy Monitoring
  • 8.9 Other Applications

9 Global People Counting System Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Retail
  • 9.3 Transportation
  • 9.4 Hospitality
  • 9.5 Healthcare
  • 9.6 Banking & Finance
  • 9.7 Entertainment & Sports
  • 9.8 Other End Users

10 Global People Counting System Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 Fluke Corporation
  • 12.2 FLIR Systems
  • 12.3 Axis Communications
  • 12.4 Haltian Limited
  • 12.5 V-Count
  • 12.6 Traf-Sys Inc.
  • 12.7 Hikvision
  • 12.8 ShopperTrak
  • 12.9 CountWise LLC
  • 12.10 Axiomatic Technology Limited
  • 12.11 DILAX Intelcom GmbH
  • 12.12 HELLA Aglaia Mobile Vision GmbH
  • 12.13 InfraRed Integrated Systems Limited
  • 12.14 Xovis AG
  • 12.15 SensMax Limited
  • 12.16 RetailNext

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Region (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Infrared Beam (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Thermal Imaging (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Stereoscopic Vision (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Time-of-Flight (ToF) (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Wi-Fi Tracking (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Bluetooth Tracking (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Ultrasonic Sensors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Deployment (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By On-Premises (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Cloud-based (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Component (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Hardware (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Software (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Services (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Footfall Analysis (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Queue Management (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Customer Behaviour Analysis (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Staff Optimization (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Security & Surveillance (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Heat Mapping (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Occupancy Monitoring (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Retail (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Transportation (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Hospitality (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Healthcare (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Banking & Finance (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Entertainment & Sports (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 34 Global People Counting System Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.