查看購物車
  • Simplified Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1511267

遠端家庭監控系統的全球市場：分析 - 按產品、按感測器類型、按作業系統、按技術、按應用、按最終用戶、按地區、預測（到 2030 年）

Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Product, Sensor Type, Operating System, Technology, Application, End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

全球遠端家庭監控系統市場規模預計到2024年將達到62億美元，預測期內複合年成長率為20.6%，到2030年將達到192億美元。

遠端家庭監控系統是指旨在從遠端位置監控家庭各個方面的設備和技術網路。這些系統通常會利用感測器、攝影機和其他連接設備來收集有關您家庭環境、安全和整體健康狀況的資料。收集的資料被發送到中央樞紐或雲端基礎的平台，住宅或授權用戶可以遠端存取和監控這些數據。

據 2021 年醫療保險和醫療補助服務中心稱，遠端監控正在幫助高風險患者避免再次入院，並充分享受在家中的健康日子。使用遠端監控的客戶報告稱，再入院率降低了 76%，平均患者滿意度為 89%，總醫療成本節省了約 3.7 億美元。

慢性病負擔增加

由於慢性病的增加，市場面臨越來越大的負擔。這一趨勢是由人口老化、生活方式改變和醫療保健技術進步等因素所推動的。隨著越來越多的人需要長期監測和管理糖尿病、高血壓和心臟病等疾病，對遠端監測解決方案的需求持續成長，為醫療保健提供者和技術開發商創造了機遇，同時也帶來了挑戰。

隱私和安全問題

該市場面臨重大的隱私和安全挑戰。這些系統收集有關個人活動和環境的敏感資料，因此確保強大的加密、安全的資料儲存和防止駭客攻擊至關重要。此外，未授權存取影像等問題影像道德和法律問題。在遠端監控的便利性與嚴格的隱私保護措施之間取得平衡仍然是該市場相關人員面臨的主要挑戰。

居家照護需求

市場對居家照護的需求顯著增加。這一趨勢是由對個人化醫療解決方案日益成長的偏好所推動的，特別是在老齡化人口和慢性病患者中。便利性、成本效益以及遠端提供即時健康資料的能力正在推動這一需求。隨著醫療保健繼續優先考慮以患者為中心的方法，預計該市場的需求將繼續呈上升趨勢。

贖回不足

儘管這些系統在遠端病患監測和醫療保健管理中的重要性和採用日益增加，但許多衛生系統和保險提供者沒有明確的政策來補償與這些技術相關的成本或沒有獎勵。這阻礙了遠端家庭監控系統的廣泛採用和投資，為充分發揮其改善醫療保健結果的潛力造成了障礙。

COVID-19 的影響：

COVID-19 的爆發對遠端家庭監控系統市場產生了重大影響，隨著人們尋找遠端監控健康狀況並減少身體接觸的方法，需求激增。這導致遠距醫療解決方案、穿戴式裝置和智慧家庭技術的採用增加。即時監控、資料分析、無縫連接等功能受到關注，市場快速成長。這場大流行起到了催化劑的作用，加速了遠距醫療保健的發展並刺激了監測系統的創新。

玻璃感測器產業預計將在預測期內成為最大的產業

預計玻璃感測器將成為預測期內最大的感測器。這些感測器偵測到玻璃門窗的篡改或損壞，並立即向住宅和保全服務發出警報。對家庭自動化和安全性的日益重視正在推動對先進玻璃感測器的需求。先進的玻璃感測器提高了遠端監控系統的整體效率，並為創建強大且主動的安全框架做出了重大貢獻。

預計癌症治療產業在預測期內將出現最高的複合年成長率。

預計癌症治療產業在預測期內將出現最高的複合年成長率。這些系統可讓您在舒適的家中即時追蹤生命徵象、藥物依從性和症狀管理。這些系統有助於早期發現併發症，促進個人化治療計劃，並透過遠距諮詢增強患者參與。借助人工智慧和物聯網等先進技術，這些系統可以提供持續監測、改善治療效果、減少就診次數並提高癌症患者的整體生活品質。

比最大的地區

由於對智慧家庭解決方案的需求不斷成長，預計北美將在預測期內佔據最大的市場佔有率。這一趨勢是由家庭安全意識增強、物聯網技術進步以及遠端監控提供的便利性等因素所推動的。新興市場的主要參與者正專注於開發具有增強功能的創新產品，例如即時警報、視訊監控和家庭自動化整合。

複合年成長率最高的地區：

預計亞太地區在預測期內將維持最高的複合年成長率。市場已經見證了重大的技術進步，特別是在視訊監控、運動偵測和遠端存取控制等領域。與智慧型手機和其他智慧型設備的整合使住宅可以輕鬆遠端監控其財產。該地區的一些國家已經推出了促進家庭安全和智慧家居技術的舉措。

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相關利益者
  • 調查範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料探勘
    • 資料分析
    • 資料檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 研究資訊來源
    • 主要研究資訊來源
    • 二次研究資訊來源
    • 先決條件

第3章市場趨勢分析

  • 促進因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 產品分析
  • 技術分析
  • 應用分析
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新興市場
  • COVID-19 的影響

第4章波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買方議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭公司之間的敵對關係

第5章全球遠距家庭監控系統市場：按產品

  • 監視器
  • 檢測器
  • DIY家庭安全
  • 感應器
  • 安全解決方案
  • 電子鎖/智慧鎖
  • 警報
  • 其他產品

第6章全球遠端家庭監控系統市場：按感測器類型

  • 玻璃感測器
  • 門磁感測器
  • 環境感測器
  • 動作感測器
  • 水感測器
  • 其他感測器類型

第7章全球遠端家庭監控系統市場：按作業系統

  • Android
  • iOS
  • Windows

第8章全球遠端家庭監控系統市場：依技術分類

  • 無線系統
  • 有線系統
  • 混合系統
  • 雲端基礎

第9章全球遠端家庭監控系統市場：依應用分類

  • 糖尿病
  • 癌症治療
  • 心血管疾病
  • 體重管理
  • 睡眠失調
  • 其他用途

第10章全球遠端家庭監控系統市場：依最終使用者分類

  • 醫院/診所
  • 居家照護設置
  • 其他最終用戶

第11章全球遠端家庭監控系統市場：按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 中東/非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東/非洲

第12章 主要進展

  • 合約、夥伴關係、協作和合資企業
  • 收購和合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第13章 公司簡介

  • Bosch Security Systems, Inc
  • Schneider Electric SE
  • Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd
  • Visonic Limited
  • Siemens Corporation
  • Tyco International Ltd
  • Nortek Security & Control, LLC.
  • Control4 Corporation
  • Apple Inc.
  • Google Inc.
  • IBM Corporation
  • SimpliSafe, Inc.
  • General Electric Company
  • LOREX Technology Inc.
  • Honeywell International Inc.
  • Ooma, Inc.
  • Philips
Product Code: SMRC26637

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market is accounted for $6.2 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $19.2 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 20.6% during the forecast period. A remote home monitoring system refers to a network of devices and technologies designed to monitor various aspects of a home from a distance. These systems typically utilize sensors, cameras, and other connected devices to gather data about the home's environment, security, and overall condition. The data collected is then transmitted to a central hub or cloud-based platform where it can be accessed and monitored remotely by homeowners or authorized users.

According to the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services in 2021, remote monitors help several high-risk patients avoid being readmitted to the hospital and make the most of their healthy days at home. Clients who use remote monitoring report a 76% reduction in readmission rates, an average of 89% patient satisfaction, and a total medical cost savings of nearly USD 370 million.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rising burden of chronic diseases

The market faces a rising burden due to the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases. This trend is driven by factors such as aging populations, lifestyle changes, and advancements in healthcare technology. As more individuals require long-term monitoring and management of conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, the demand for remote monitoring solutions continues to grow, creating opportunities and challenges for healthcare providers and technology developers alike.

Restraint:

Privacy and security concerns

The market faces significant challenges related to privacy and security concerns. As these systems gather sensitive data about individuals' activities and environments, ensuring robust encryption, secure data storage, and protection against hacking attempts is paramount. Additionally, issues such as unauthorized access to live feeds or stored footage raise ethical and legal questions. Balancing the convenience of remote monitoring with stringent privacy safeguards remains a key challenge for stakeholders in this market.

Opportunity:

Demand for home-based care

The demand for home-based care within the market is experiencing a significant upsurge. This trend is driven by the growing preference for personalized healthcare solutions, especially among aging populations and individuals with chronic conditions. The convenience, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide real-time health data remotely are key factors fueling this demand. As healthcare continues to prioritize patient-centric approaches, the demand for the market is projected to continue its upward trajectory.

Threat:

Lack of reimbursement

Despite the growing importance and adoption of these systems for remote patient monitoring and healthcare management, many healthcare systems and insurance providers do not have clear policies or incentives for reimbursing the costs associated with these technologies. This can hinder widespread adoption and investment in remote home monitoring systems, creating a barrier to their full potential in improving healthcare outcomes.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the Remote Home Monitoring Systems market, driving a surge in demand as people sought ways to monitor health remotely and reduce physical contact. This led to increased adoption of telemedicine solutions, wearable devices, and smart home technologies. The market experienced rapid growth, with a focus on features like real-time monitoring, data analytics, and seamless connectivity. The pandemic acted as a catalyst, accelerating the evolution of remote healthcare and driving innovation in monitoring systems.

The glass sensors segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The glass sensors is expected to be the largest during the forecast period. These sensors detect any tampering or breakage of glass doors or windows, triggering immediate alerts to homeowners or security services. With the increasing emphasis on home automation and security, the demand for advanced glass sensors is escalating. They contribute significantly to creating a robust and proactive security framework, enhancing the overall efficiency of remote monitoring systems.

The cancer treatment segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The cancer treatment segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period. These systems enable real-time tracking of vital signs, medication adherence, and symptom management from the comfort of home. They facilitate early detection of complications, promote personalized treatment plans, and enhance patient engagement through teleconsultations. With advanced technologies like AI and IoT, these systems offer continuous monitoring, improving treatment outcomes, reducing hospital visits, and enhancing the overall quality of life for cancer patients.

Region with largest share:

North America is projected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period due to increased demand for smart home solutions. This trend is driven by factors such as rising awareness of home security, advancements in IoT technology, and the convenience offered by remote monitoring. Key players in the market are focusing on developing innovative products with enhanced features like real-time alerts, video surveillance, and home automation integration.

Region with highest CAGR:

Asia Pacific is projected to hold the highest CAGR over the forecast period. The market has witnessed significant technological advancements, especially in areas such as video surveillance, motion detection, and remote access control. Integration with smartphones and other smart devices has made it easier for homeowners to monitor their properties remotely. Some countries in the region have introduced initiatives to promote home security and smart home technologies.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Remote Home Monitoring Systems market include Bosch Security Systems, Inc, Schneider Electric S.E., Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Visonic Limited, Siemens Corporation, Tyco International Ltd, Nortek Security & Control, LLC., Control4 Corporation, Apple Inc., Google Inc., IBM Corporation, SimpliSafe, Inc., General Electric Company, LOREX Technology Inc., Honeywell International Inc., Ooma, Inc. and Philips.

Key Developments:

In January, 2024, Apollo Hospital a renowned multi-specialty hospital in India, announced a ground-breaking alliance with LifeSigns, a premier AI-powered health monitoring technology firm.

In May 2023, Philips launched Virtual Care Management, a comprehensive portfolio of flexible solutions and services health systems, providers, payers, and employers to motivate and engage with patients from anywhere.

Products Covered:

  • Security Cameras
  • Detectors
  • DIY Home Security
  • Sensors
  • Security Solutions
  • Electronic and Smart Locks
  • Alarms
  • Other Products

Sensor Types Covered:

  • Glass Sensors
  • Door Sensors
  • Environmental Sensors
  • Motion Sensors
  • Water Sensors
  • Other Sensor Types

Operating Systems Covered:

  • Android
  • iOS
  • Windows

Technologies Covered:

  • Wireless Systems
  • Wired Systems
  • Hybrid Systems
  • Cloud-Based

Applications Covered:

  • Diabetes
  • Cancer Treatment
  • Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Weight Management
  • Sleep Disorders
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Hospitals/Clinics
  • Home Care Settings
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 Technology Analysis
  • 3.8 Application Analysis
  • 3.9 End User Analysis
  • 3.10 Emerging Markets
  • 3.11 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market, By Product

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Security Cameras
  • 5.3 Detectors
  • 5.4 DIY Home Security
  • 5.5 Sensors
  • 5.6 Security Solutions
  • 5.7 Electronic and Smart Locks
  • 5.8 Alarms
  • 5.9 Other Products

6 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market, By Sensor Type

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Glass Sensors
  • 6.3 Door Sensors
  • 6.4 Environmental Sensors
  • 6.5 Motion Sensors
  • 6.6 Water Sensors
  • 6.7 Other Sensor Types

7 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market, By Operating System

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Android
  • 7.3 iOS
  • 7.4 Windows

8 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market, By Technology

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Wireless Systems
  • 8.3 Wired Systems
  • 8.4 Hybrid Systems
  • 8.5 Cloud-Based

9 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market, By Application

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Diabetes
  • 9.3 Cancer Treatment
  • 9.4 Cardiovascular Diseases
  • 9.5 Weight Management
  • 9.6 Sleep Disorders
  • 9.7 Other Applications

10 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market, By End User

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Hospitals/Clinics
  • 10.3 Home Care Settings
  • 10.4 Other End Users

11 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market, By Geography

  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 North America
    • 11.2.1 US
    • 11.2.2 Canada
    • 11.2.3 Mexico
  • 11.3 Europe
    • 11.3.1 Germany
    • 11.3.2 UK
    • 11.3.3 Italy
    • 11.3.4 France
    • 11.3.5 Spain
    • 11.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 11.4 Asia Pacific
    • 11.4.1 Japan
    • 11.4.2 China
    • 11.4.3 India
    • 11.4.4 Australia
    • 11.4.5 New Zealand
    • 11.4.6 South Korea
    • 11.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 11.5 South America
    • 11.5.1 Argentina
    • 11.5.2 Brazil
    • 11.5.3 Chile
    • 11.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 11.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 11.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 11.6.2 UAE
    • 11.6.3 Qatar
    • 11.6.4 South Africa
    • 11.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

12 Key Developments

  • 12.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 12.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 12.3 New Product Launch
  • 12.4 Expansions
  • 12.5 Other Key Strategies

13 Company Profiling

  • 13.1 Bosch Security Systems, Inc
  • 13.2 Schneider Electric S.E.
  • 13.3 Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd
  • 13.4 Visonic Limited
  • 13.5 Siemens Corporation
  • 13.6 Tyco International Ltd
  • 13.7 Nortek Security & Control, LLC.
  • 13.8 Control4 Corporation
  • 13.9 Apple Inc.
  • 13.10 Google Inc.
  • 13.11 IBM Corporation
  • 13.12 SimpliSafe, Inc.
  • 13.13 General Electric Company
  • 13.14 LOREX Technology Inc.
  • 13.15 Honeywell International Inc.
  • 13.16 Ooma, Inc.
  • 13.17 Philips

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Product (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Security Cameras (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Detectors (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By DIY Home Security (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Sensors (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Security Solutions (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Electronic and Smart Locks (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Alarms (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Other Products (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Sensor Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Glass Sensors (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Door Sensors (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Environmental Sensors (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Motion Sensors (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Water Sensors (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Other Sensor Types (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Operating System (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Android (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By iOS (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Windows (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Technology (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Wireless Systems (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Wired Systems (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Hybrid Systems (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Cloud-Based (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Diabetes (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Cancer Treatment (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Cardiovascular Diseases (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Weight Management (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Sleep Disorders (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 34 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 35 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Hospitals/Clinics (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 36 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Home Care Settings (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 37 Global Remote Home Monitoring Systems Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.