查看購物車
  • Simplified Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1617143

Peri -到 2030 年的植體炎治療市場預測：按治療類型、原因類型、植入類型、設備類型、最終用戶和地區進行的全球分析

Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Treatment Type (Non-Surgical Treatments, Surgical Treatments, Combination Treatments and Other Treatment Types), Cause Type, Implant Type, Device Type, End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據 Stratistics MRC 的數據，2024 年全球植體植入炎治療市場規模為 11 億美元，預計預測期內複合年成長率為 10.7%，到 2030 年將達到 21 億美元。

植體周圍植入的治療包括控制植入周圍的發炎和感染。治療選擇取決於症狀的嚴重程度，但通常包括非手術方法，例如機械清洗和消毒清洗以減少細菌負荷。更嚴重的病例需要手術干預，例如皮瓣手術，以進入和清洗更深的區域。抗生素和適當的口腔衛生對於預防復發和長期植入成功至關重要。

根據 NCBI 的數據，在美國平均 2 年追蹤期間，患者層面的植入周圍炎盛行率為 34.0%，植入層面的盛行率為 21%。

增加植入的使用

人工植牙使用的增加極大地推動了市場的發展。隨著越來越多的人選擇人工植牙來替代牙齒，對常見併發症植體周圍植入的有效治療的需求不斷成長。因此，診斷技術和治療方案的進步，包括非手術干預和微創手術，正在推動市場成長。對長期植入成功的關注進一步增加了對專門植體周圍植入治療的需求。

缺乏熟練的專家

市面上缺乏熟練的專家會對患者的治療結果和整體治療效果產生負面影響。由於專業知識有限，植入的診斷和治療可能會延遲或不充分，從而導致更高的植入失敗率和更長的恢復時間。這種短缺也阻礙了技術創新，限制了先進治療的獲得，並增加了現有專家的負擔，導致等待時間更長和治療可用性降低。

民眾口腔衛生意識

民眾對口腔衛生意識的提高正在對市場產生正面影響。隨著越來越多的人意識到口腔衛生的重要性，尤其是植入周圍的口腔衛生，預防植體周圍植入已成為人們關注的焦點。關於適當護理、衛生習慣和早期發現的教育宣傳活動有助於改善植體周圍植入的預防和管理。這種意識的提高推動了對有效治療方案的需求，並促進了長期植入的成功。

治療費用高

市面上高昂的治療費用是許多患者治療的主要障礙。先進的手術，包括外科手術和專門治療，通常需要昂貴的設備和專業知識，這增加了成本。這種經濟負擔限制了患者獲得所需治療的機會，並可能導致他們的醫療狀況惡化和植入失敗。結果，治療被推遲或放棄，導致長期健康併發症惡化並增加整體醫療費用。

COVID-19 的影響：

COVID-19 大流行導致選擇性牙科手術（包括植入相關治療）的延誤，並嚴重擾亂了植體周圍植入的治療市場。鎖門和保持社交距離的措施導致就診人數減少、人員短缺以及對緊急護理的關注，從而延遲了植體周圍植入的診斷和治療。此外，財務不安全和對非必要服務的限制導致成本增加和獲得專門護理的機會有限，影響整體治療結果。

預計鈦植入市場在預測期內將成為最大的市場

由於人工植牙的普及，鈦植入預計將在預測期內佔據最大的市場佔有率。鈦的生物相容性和耐腐蝕性使其成為植入的首選材料。植入設計、表面改性和治療方法的進步正在推動市場擴張，重點是提高長期植入成功率並減少感染和骨質流失等併發症。

牙科診所預計在預測期內複合年成長率最高

預計牙科診所產業在預測期內將呈現最高的複合年成長率。牙科診所擴大採用先進的診斷工具和治療技術，例如雷射療法、抗菌藥物和再生手術，來控制植體周圍植入。人們對植入失敗風險的認知不斷提高，以及對有效干預措施的需求不斷增加，這推動了對這些環境下專門治療的需求，從而推動了市場的成長。

比最大的地區

由於人工植牙數量的增加，預計北美地區在預測期內將佔據最大的市場佔有率。雷射療法和再生技術等診斷和治療技術的進步正在推動市場發展。該地區完善的醫療保健基礎設施可支援市場擴張以及對牙科治療服務的高需求，使該地區成為植體周圍植入治療創新的關鍵中心。

複合年成長率最高的地區：

由於口腔健康問題日益嚴重、意識不斷提高以及支持性醫療保健政策，亞太地區預計將在預測期內實現最高成長率。該地區的齲齒和牙周病患病率高得驚人，尤其是老年人。提高口腔衛生意識對於推動植體周圍植入治療的需求至關重要。此外，有利的政府政策和醫療基礎設施的進步也有助於市場擴張。

免費客製化服務：

訂閱此報告的客戶可以存取以下免費自訂選項之一：

  • 公司簡介
    • 其他市場參與者的綜合分析（最多 3 家公司）
    • 主要企業SWOT分析（最多3家企業）
  • 區域分割
    • 根據客戶興趣對主要國家的市場估計、預測和複合年成長率（註：基於可行性檢查）
  • 競爭標基準化分析
    • 根據產品系列、地理分佈和策略聯盟對主要企業基準化分析

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相關利益者
  • 調查範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料探勘
    • 資料分析
    • 資料檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 研究資訊來源
    • 主要研究資訊來源
    • 二次研究資訊來源
    • 先決條件

第3章市場趨勢分析

  • 促進要素
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新興市場
  • COVID-19 的影響

第4章波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買方議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭公司之間的敵對關係

第5章全球植體周圍植入治療市場：依治療類型

  • 非手術治療
    • 機械清創術
    • 雷射治療
    • 抗菌治療
    • 區域給藥
  • 手術治療
    • 皮瓣手術
    • 骨移植
    • 引導骨再生（GBR）
  • 複雜的治療
  • 其他類型的治療

第6章全球植體周圍植入治療市場：依原因分類

  • 細菌感染
  • 咬合面負荷過大
  • 植入設計或放置問題
  • 生物

第7章全球植入治療市場：依植入類型分類

  • 鈦植入
  • 氧化鋯植入
  • 陶瓷植入
  • 羥磷石灰塗層
  • 聚合物植入

第8章全球植入周圍炎治療市場：依設備類型

  • 超音波設備
  • 雷射
  • 骨移植材料
  • 手術器械

第9章全球植體周圍植入治療市場：依最終用戶分類

  • 牙醫診所
  • 醫院
  • 日間手術中心 (ASC)
  • 其他最終用戶

第10章全球植入周圍炎治療市場：按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 中東/非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲

第11章 主要進展

  • 合約、夥伴關係、協作和合資企業
  • 收購和合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務拓展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第12章 公司概況

  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Cadila Pharmaceuticals
  • R N. Laboratories
  • Triveni Chemicals
  • Arthrex
  • Zimmer Biomet Dental
  • Stryker
  • Smith & Nephew
  • Danaher
  • 3M
  • Meyer Dental Laboratory
  • Cochlear Limited
  • Medtronic
  • Bicon Dental Implants
  • Cendres+Metaux
  • Straumann AG
  • Fotona
Product Code: SMRC28021

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market is accounted for $1.1 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $2.1 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 10.7% during the forecast period. Peri-implantitis treatment involves managing inflammation and infection around a dental implant, typically affecting the tissues surrounding the implant. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition but often include non-surgical methods like mechanical debridement (cleaning) and antiseptic rinses to reduce bacterial load. In more severe cases, surgical interventions such as flap surgery may be necessary to access and clean deeper areas. Antibiotics and proper oral hygiene are essential for preventing recurrence and ensuring long-term implant success.

According to NCBI, the prevalence of peri-implantitis was 34.0% on the patient level and 21% on the implant level over an average follow-up of 2 years in the U.S.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Increasing usage of dental implants

The increasing use of dental implants has significantly boosted the market. As more people opt for dental implants for tooth replacement, the demand for effective treatments for peri-implantitis, a common complication, rises. This has led to advancements in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic options, including non-surgical interventions and minimally invasive procedures, driving growth in the market. The focus on long-term implant success further enhances the demand for specialized peri-implantitis treatments.

Restraint:

Shortage of skilled specialists

The shortage of skilled specialists in the market negatively impacts patient outcomes and the overall effectiveness of treatments. With limited expertise, the diagnosis and management of peri-implantitis may be delayed or inadequate, leading to higher failure rates of implants and prolonged recovery times. This shortage also hampers innovation, restricts access to advanced care, and increases the burden on existing specialists, resulting in longer waiting times and reduced treatment availability.

Opportunity:

Public awareness of oral hygiene

Rising public awareness of oral hygiene has positively impacted the market. As more individuals recognize the importance of maintaining oral health, especially around dental implants, there is an increased focus on preventing peri-implantitis. Educational campaigns on proper care, hygiene practices, and early detection contribute to better prevention and management of the condition. This growing awareness drives demand for effective treatment options and promotes long-term implant success.

Threat:

High treatment costs

High treatment costs in the market pose a significant barrier to access for many patients. The advanced procedures, including surgical interventions and specialized care, often require expensive equipment and expertise, driving up costs. This financial burden can limit patient access to necessary treatments, potentially leading to worsened conditions or implant failure. As a result, individuals may delay or forgo treatment, exacerbating long-term health complications and increasing overall healthcare costs.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted the peri-implantitis treatment market by causing delays in elective dental procedures, including implant-related treatments. Lockdowns and social distancing measures led to reduced patient visits, staff shortages, and a focus on urgent care, slowing down the diagnosis and management of peri-implantitis. Additionally, financial uncertainties and restrictions on non-essential services led to increased costs and limited access to specialized care, affecting overall treatment outcomes.

The titanium implants segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The titanium implants segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the projection period due to the increasing prevalence of dental implant procedures. Titanium's biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion make it a preferred material for implants. Advancements in implant design, surface modifications, and therapeutic approaches are driving market expansion, with a focus on improving long-term implant success rates and reducing complications such as infection and bone loss.

The dental clinics segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The dental clinics segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the extrapolated period. Dental clinics are increasingly adopting advanced diagnostic tools and treatment techniques, including laser therapy, antimicrobial agents, and regenerative procedures, to manage peri-implantitis. The growing awareness of implant failure risks and the need for effective interventions are driving demand for specialized treatments in these settings, fostering market growth.

Region with largest share:

North America region is estimated to account for the largest market share during the forecast period due to the rising number of dental implants. Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, including laser treatments and regenerative techniques, are driving the market. The region's well-established healthcare infrastructure, along with a high demand for dental care services, supports the market's expansion, positioning the region as a key hub for peri-implantitis treatment innovations.

Region with highest CAGR:

Asia Pacific is expected to register the highest growth rate over the forecast period driven by increasing oral health issues, rising awareness, and supportive healthcare policies. The prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease is alarmingly high in the region, particularly among older adults. There is a growing awareness regarding oral health, which is crucial for driving demand for peri-implantitis treatments. Moreover, Favorable government policies and advancements in healthcare infrastructure are also contributing to market expansion.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Peri-Implantitis Treatment market include Pfizer Inc., Cadila Pharmaceuticals, R N. Laboratories, Triveni Chemicals, Arthrex, Zimmer Biomet Dental, Stryker, Smith & Nephew, Danaher, 3M, Meyer Dental Laboratory, Cochlear Limited, Medtronic, Bicon Dental Implants, Cendres+Metaux, Straumann AG and Fotona.

Key Developments:

In July 2024, Fotona announced the opening of the Laser & Health (LA&HA) Academy Training Center in Malaysia. Designed to support all Fotona users and practitioners, the new center aims to enhance knowledge, foster collaboration, and achieve clinical excellence.

In February 2024, Straumann has announced the complete acquisition of GalvoSurge, a Swiss medical device company specializing in dental implant care and maintenance solutions. GalvoSurge has developed an innovative approach to support peri-implantitis treatment, with its CE-marked device launched in 2020.

Treatment Types Covered:

  • Non-Surgical Treatments
  • Surgical Treatments
  • Combination Treatments
  • Other Treatment Types

Cause Types Covered:

  • Bacterial Infection
  • Excessive Occlusal Loading
  • Implant Design or Placement Issues
  • Biological

Implant Types Covered:

  • Titanium Implants
  • Zirconia Implants
  • Ceramic Implants
  • Hydroxyapatite Coatings
  • Polymer-Based Implants

Device Types Covered:

  • Ultrasonic Devices
  • Lasers
  • Bone Grafting Materials
  • Surgical Instruments

End Users Covered:

  • Dental Clinics
  • Hospitals
  • Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs)
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 End User Analysis
  • 3.7 Emerging Markets
  • 3.8 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market, By Treatment Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Non-Surgical Treatments
    • 5.2.1 Mechanical Debridement
    • 5.2.2 Laser Therapy
    • 5.2.3 Antimicrobial Therapy
    • 5.2.4 Local Drug Delivery
  • 5.3 Surgical Treatments
    • 5.3.1 Flap Surgery
    • 5.3.2 Bone Grafting
    • 5.3.3 Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR)
  • 5.4 Combination Treatments
  • 5.5 Other Treatment Types

6 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market, By Cause Type

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Bacterial Infection
  • 6.3 Excessive Occlusal Loading
  • 6.4 Implant Design or Placement Issues
  • 6.5 Biological

7 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market, By Implant Type

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Titanium Implants
  • 7.3 Zirconia Implants
  • 7.4 Ceramic Implants
  • 7.5 Hydroxyapatite Coatings
  • 7.6 Polymer-Based Implants

8 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market, By Device Type

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Ultrasonic Devices
  • 8.3 Lasers
  • 8.4 Bone Grafting Materials
  • 8.5 Surgical Instruments

9 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Dental Clinics
  • 9.3 Hospitals
  • 9.4 Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs)
  • 9.5 Other End Users

10 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 Pfizer Inc.
  • 12.2 Cadila Pharmaceuticals
  • 12.3 R N. Laboratories
  • 12.4 Triveni Chemicals
  • 12.5 Arthrex
  • 12.6 Zimmer Biomet Dental
  • 12.7 Stryker
  • 12.8 Smith & Nephew
  • 12.9 Danaher
  • 12.10 3M
  • 12.11 Meyer Dental Laboratory
  • 12.12 Cochlear Limited
  • 12.13 Medtronic
  • 12.14 Bicon Dental Implants
  • 12.15 Cendres+Metaux
  • 12.16 Straumann AG
  • 12.17 Fotona

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Treatment Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Non-Surgical Treatments (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Mechanical Debridement (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Laser Therapy (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Antimicrobial Therapy (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Local Drug Delivery (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Surgical Treatments (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Flap Surgery (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Bone Grafting (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Combination Treatments (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Other Treatment Types (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Cause Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Bacterial Infection (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Excessive Occlusal Loading (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Implant Design or Placement Issues (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Biological (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Implant Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Titanium Implants (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Zirconia Implants (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Ceramic Implants (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Hydroxyapatite Coatings (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Polymer-Based Implants (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Device Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Ultrasonic Devices (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Lasers (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Bone Grafting Materials (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Surgical Instruments (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Dental Clinics (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Hospitals (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 34 Global Peri-Implantitis Treatment Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.