查看購物車
  • Simplified Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1662711

2030 年核心材料市場預測：按產品類型、製造流程、皮膚類型、最終用戶和地區進行全球分析

Core Materials Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Product (Sandwich Panels, Laminates and Other Products), Type, Manufacturing Process, Outer Skin Type, End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據 Stratistics MRC 的數據，全球襯布市場預計在 2024 年將達到 18.4 億美元，預計到 2030 年將達到 43.8 億美元，預測期內的複合年成長率為 15.5%。核心材料是製造過程中使用的基本物質或組件，通常為產品提供結構支撐、強度或特定屬性。在航太、汽車和建築等行業中，芯材可以指發泡體、蜂巢或輕木等輕量材料，這些材料通常放置在複合材料的外層之間，以增加強度而不增加多餘的重量。它們在降低材料成本、提高性能和確保各種應用中的耐用性方面發揮著重要作用。

更加重視永續性和環保產品

由於消費者和產業都高度重視環保解決方案，因此鼓勵企業生產更永續的核心材料。可再生能源、電動車和綠色建築的需求推動了對環保、耐用和輕質材料的需求。這些材料有助於減少能源消耗和碳排放，並符合全球永續性目標。生物基、可回收和可重複使用的核心材料的創新正在擴大產品供應並吸引有環保意識的客戶。這一趨勢不僅有助於保護環境，而且還為投資永續解決方案的公司擴大了市場機會。

原物料價格波動

原物料價格突然上漲可能導致生產成本上升並影響利潤率。公司經常面臨將這些上漲的成本轉嫁給客戶的挑戰，進而影響其競爭力。價格波動也可能導致採購延遲並擾亂生產計劃。長期價格波動可能會阻礙策略規劃和新計畫的投資。總體而言，這些波動會使供應鏈管理變得複雜並導致市場不穩定。

在航太和國防領域中廣泛應用

航太和國防部門使用蜂窩結構和夾層板等核心材料，提供輕質而堅固的解決方案，以提高燃油效率並降低成本。綠色技術的創新推動了更環保且性能優異的永續核心材料的開發。航太、汽車和建築等行業正在採用這些材料來滿足更嚴格的環境法規和消費者對永續產品的需求。轉向更輕、更節能的材料也有助於減少碳足跡，符合全球永續性目標。

與替代材料的激烈競爭

新型先進材料通常具有更好的性能和成本效益，從而取代了傳統的基礎材料。複合材料、金屬和聚合物方面的創新具有優異的強度、耐用性或環境效益。因此，依賴基本材料的產業將面臨維持市場佔有率的挑戰。此外，替代材料的快速採用可能會導致對傳統核心材料的需求減少。這一趨勢將迫使企業透過投資研究和調整產品供應來保持競爭力。

COVID-19 的影響

COVID-19 疫情嚴重擾亂了介面市場，導致供應鏈瓶頸和生產停頓。封鎖和限制措施導致原料難以取得，從而導致生產和分銷延遲。建築和汽車等主要行業的需求波動進一步加劇了市場的波動。此外，勞動力短缺和運輸問題加劇了生產商面臨的挑戰。儘管存在這些挫折，但隨著經濟重新開放和需求恢復，市場正在逐步復甦。

蜂窩部分預計在預測期內實現最大幅度成長

由於蜂窩結構重量輕但強度高，預計在預測期內將佔據最大的市場佔有率。它在航太、汽車和建築行業中的應用可以提高效率並降低能源消耗。特別是鋁製的蜂巢材料具有優異的耐久性、抗衝擊性和防火性。它還有助於提高隔熱和隔音效果，滿足嚴格的性能標準。對永續、高性能材料的需求不斷成長，使得蜂巢芯材料越來越受歡迎。

預計預測期內航太和國防領域將以最高的複合年成長率成長。

由於飛機、太空船和軍事應用對高性能材料的需求，預計航太和國防領域將在預測期內見證最高成長率。這些行業需要輕質、耐用和耐熱的材料，這推動了對先進複合材料、聚合物和金屬的需求。對燃油效率和安全標準的日益重視，推動了蜂窩結構和碳纖維複合材料等創新核心材料的採用。此外，隨著國防承包商優先考慮軍事裝備的優良材料性能，核心技術的進步也正在加速。

比最大的地區

在預測期內，由於航太、汽車和建築等行業的需求不斷增加，預計亞太地區將佔據最大的市場佔有率。中國、日本和印度等國家是主要參與企業，推動技術創新和市場擴張。風力發電機和飛機零件等應用對輕質、耐用材料的需求日益成長，推動了核心材料的需求。此外，永續實踐和環保材料的興起正在推動核心生產的進步，特別是在綠色能源應用方面。

複合年成長率最高的地區

預計北美地區在預測期內將呈現最高的複合年成長率。這是因為使用輕量材料增強了產品的結構完整性和性能。隨著人們對永續性的關注度不斷提高，輕木、蜂巢結構和發泡芯等環保芯材越來越受歡迎。自動化生產和 3D 列印等製造流程的技術進步也促進了市場的成長。美國和加拿大引領該地區，大力投資基礎設施和創新。製造商和終端用戶行業之間的強大夥伴關係繼續推動北美的創新和市場擴張。

免費客製化服務

訂閱此報告的客戶可享有以下免費自訂選項之一：

  • 公司簡介
    • 對其他市場參與企業（最多 3 家公司）進行全面分析
    • 主要企業的 SWOT 分析（最多 3 家公司）
  • 地理細分
    • 根據客戶興趣對主要國家進行市場估計、預測和複合年成長率（註：基於可行性檢查）
  • 競爭性基準化分析
    • 根據產品系列、地理分佈和策略聯盟對主要企業基準化分析

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第 2 章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相關利益者
  • 研究範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料探勘
    • 資料分析
    • 資料檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 研究資訊來源
    • 主要研究資訊來源
    • 二手研究資料資訊來源
    • 先決條件

第3章 市場走勢分析

  • 介紹
  • 驅動程式
  • 限制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 產品分析
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新興市場
  • COVID-19 的影響

第 4 章 波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買家的議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭對手之間的競爭

第5章 全球核心材料市場（按產品）

  • 介紹
  • 夾層板
    • 複合夾層板
    • 金屬夾芯板
  • 層壓板
  • 其他

第6章 全球襯布市場按類型

  • 介紹
  • 表格
  • 蜂巢
  • 巴薩
  • 其他

7. 全球核心材料市場依製造流程分類

  • 介紹
  • 手工積層
  • 纏繞成型
  • 射出成型
  • 壓縮成型
  • 其他

第 8 章 全球核心材料市場依皮膚類型分類

  • 介紹
  • 玻璃纖維增強聚合物
  • 碳纖維增強聚合物
  • 天然纖維增強聚合物
  • 其他

第9章 全球核心材料市場（按最終用戶）

  • 介紹
  • 風力發電
  • 航太和國防
  • 海洋
  • 汽車與運輸
  • 建造
  • 產業
  • 其他

第10章 全球核心材料市場（按區域）

  • 介紹
  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲地區

第11章 重大進展

  • 協議、夥伴關係、合作和合資企業
  • 收購與合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第12章 公司概況

  • 3M Company
  • Hexcel Corporation
  • Sika AG
  • Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
  • Johns Manville
  • Divinycell（Airex）by Solvay
  • Airex AG
  • Armacell
  • Green Core Composites
  • Core Materials Inc.
  • Dow Inc.
  • Huntsman Corporation
  • Advanced Composites Inc.
  • Basf SE
  • SABIC
  • Chomarat
  • Saint-Gobain Weber
  • Evonik Industries AG
Product Code: SMRC28572

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Core Materials Market is accounted for $1.84 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $4.38 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 15.5% during the forecast period. Core materials are essential substances or components used in manufacturing processes, typically providing structural support, strength, or specific properties to a product. In industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction, core materials can refer to lightweight materials like foam, honeycomb, or balsa wood, often placed between outer layers of composites to enhance strength without adding excessive weight. They play a critical role in reducing material costs, improving performance, and ensuring durability in various applications.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Increased focus on sustainability and eco-friendly products

Companies are being encouraged to produce more sustainable core materials as a result of consumers and industry alike placing a higher priority on environmentally friendly solutions. The demand for eco-friendly, long-lasting, and lightweight materials is rising along with the demand for renewable energy, electric cars, and green building. These materials contribute to reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions, aligning with global sustainability goals. Innovations in bio-based, recyclable, and reusable core materials are expanding product offerings, attracting environmentally aware customers. This trend not only supports environmental protection but also enhances market opportunities for businesses investing in sustainable solutions.

Restraint:

Fluctuating raw material prices

Sudden increases in material costs may lead to higher production expenses, impacting profit margins. Companies often face challenges in passing on these cost increases to customers, affecting competitiveness. Volatile prices may also cause delays in procurement, disrupting production schedules. Long-term pricing instability can hinder strategic planning and investment in new projects. Overall, these fluctuations complicate supply chain management and may lead to market instability.

Opportunity:

Increasing adoption in aerospace and defense

The aerospace and defense sectors with the core materials, such as honeycomb structures and sandwich panels, provide lightweight yet robust solutions, improving fuel efficiency and reducing costs. Innovations in green technologies have led to the development of sustainable core materials that maintain high performance while being more environmentally friendly. Industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction are adopting these materials to meet stricter environmental regulations and consumer demand for sustainable products. The shift to lightweight, energy-efficient materials also contributes to reduced carbon footprints, aligning with global sustainability goals.

Threat:

Intense competition from alternative materials

New and advanced materials often offer better performance or cost-efficiency, drawing attention away from traditional core materials. Innovations in composites, metals, and polymers provide superior strength, durability, or environmental benefits. As a result, industries that rely on core materials face challenges in maintaining their market share. Additionally, the rapid adoption of alternatives can lead to a reduction in demand for traditional core materials. This trend forces companies to adapt by investing in research or adjusting their product offerings to stay competitive.

Covid-19 Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted the core materials market, leading to supply chain bottlenecks and production halts. Lockdowns and restrictions affected the availability of raw materials, causing delays in manufacturing and distribution. Demand fluctuations from key industries, such as construction and automotive, further destabilized the market. Additionally, labor shortages and transportation issues amplified the challenges faced by producers. Despite these setbacks, the market is gradually recovering as economies reopen and demand rebounds.

The honeycomb segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The honeycomb segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period by offering lightweight yet strong structures. Its use in aerospace, automotive, and construction industries enhances efficiency and reduces energy consumption. Honeycomb materials, especially made from aluminum, provide excellent durability and resistance to impact and fire. They also contribute to improved thermal and acoustic insulation, meeting stringent performance standards. The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance materials further boosts the popularity of honeycomb core materials.

The aerospace & defence segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the aerospace & defence segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate, due to demand for high-performance materials for aircraft, spacecraft, and military applications. These industries require lightweight, durable, and heat-resistant materials, boosting the demand for advanced composites, polymers, and metals. The increasing emphasis on fuel efficiency and safety standards leads to the adoption of innovative core materials, such as honeycomb structures and carbon fiber composites. Additionally, defense contractors prioritize superior material properties for military equipment, accelerating advancements in core material technologies.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share due to increasing demand from industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction. Countries such as China, Japan, and India are key players, driving innovation and market expansion. The growing need for lightweight, durable materials for applications like wind turbines and aircraft parts is boosting the demand for core materials. Moreover, the rise of sustainable practices and eco-friendly materials has led to advancements in the production of core materials, particularly for green energy applications.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR, owing to the use of lightweight materials that enhance the structural integrity and performance of products. With the rising focus on sustainability, eco-friendly core materials like balsa wood, honeycomb structures, and foam cores are gaining popularity. Technological advancements in manufacturing processes, like automated production and 3D printing, are also contributing to market growth. The U.S. and Canada lead the region, with significant investments in infrastructure and technological innovations. Strong partnerships between manufacturers and end-user industries continue to drive innovation and market expansion in North America.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players profiled in the Core Materials Market include 3M Company, Hexcel Corporation, Sika AG, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Johns Manville, Divinycell (Airex) by Solvay, Airex AG, Armacell, Green Core Composites, Core Materials Inc., Dow Inc., Huntsman Corporation, Advanced Composites Inc., BASF SE, SABIC, Chomarat, Saint-Gobain Weber and Evonik Industries AG.

Key Developments:

In October 2024, 3M introduced the WorkTunes Connect + Solar Hearing Protector, a new product designed to provide hearing protection while allowing users to listen to music or take calls. This product also features solar charging capabilities, offering a sustainable solution for workers in noisy environments.

In May 2024, 3M entered into a joint development agreement with Svante Technologies to develop and produce carbon dioxide removal products. This collaboration aims to leverage 3M's expertise in materials science to create solutions for capturing and permanently removing atmospheric CO2, contributing to global efforts against climate change.

In January 2024, Sika Deutschland GmbH, a subsidiary of Sika AG, entered into a strategic cooperation agreement with Massivit 3D Printing Technologies. The collaboration focuses on co-marketing and co-branding advanced digital tooling materials for the Massivit 10000 series, aiming to enhance high-speed tooling applications in various industries.

Products Covered:

  • Sandwich Panels
  • Laminates
  • Other Products

Types Covered:

  • Foam
  • Honeycomb
  • Balsa
  • Other Types

Manufacturing Processes Covered:

  • Hand Lay-Up
  • Filament Winding
  • Injection Molding
  • Compression Molding
  • Other Manufacturing Processes

Outer Skin Types Covered:

  • Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • Other Outer Skin Types

End Users Covered:

  • Wind Energy
  • Aerospace & Defence
  • Marine
  • Automotive & Transportation
  • Construction
  • Industrial
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Core Materials Market, By Product

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Sandwich Panels
    • 5.2.1 Composite sandwich panels
    • 5.2.2 Metallic sandwich panels
  • 5.3 Laminates
  • 5.4 Other Products

6 Global Core Materials Market, By Type

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Foam
  • 6.3 Honeycomb
  • 6.4 Balsa
  • 6.5 Other Types

7 Global Core Materials Market, By Manufacturing Process

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Hand Lay-Up
  • 7.3 Filament Winding
  • 7.4 Injection Molding
  • 7.5 Compression Molding
  • 7.6 Other Manufacturing Processes

8 Global Core Materials Market, By Outer Skin Type

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • 8.3 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • 8.4 Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer
  • 8.5 Other Outer Skin Types

9 Global Core Materials Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Wind Energy
  • 9.3 Aerospace & Defence
  • 9.4 Marine
  • 9.5 Automotive & Transportation
  • 9.6 Construction
  • 9.7 Industrial
  • 9.8 Other End Users

10 Global Core Materials Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 3M Company
  • 12.2 Hexcel Corporation
  • 12.3 Sika AG
  • 12.4 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
  • 12.5 Johns Manville
  • 12.6 Divinycell (Airex) by Solvay
  • 12.7 Airex AG
  • 12.8 Armacell
  • 12.9 Green Core Composites
  • 12.10 Core Materials Inc.
  • 12.11 Dow Inc.
  • 12.12 Huntsman Corporation
  • 12.12 Advanced Composites Inc.
  • 12.14 Basf SE
  • 12.15 SABIC
  • 12.16 Chomarat
  • 12.17 Saint-Gobain Weber
  • 12.18 Evonik Industries AG

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Product (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Sandwich Panels (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Composite sandwich panels (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Metallic sandwich panels (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Laminates (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Other Products (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Foam (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Honeycomb (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Balsa (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Other Types (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Manufacturing Process (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Hand Lay-Up (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Filament Winding (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Injection Molding (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Compression Molding (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Other Manufacturing Processes (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Outer Skin Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Other Outer Skin Types (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Wind Energy (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Aerospace & Defence (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Marine (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Automotive & Transportation (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Construction (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Industrial (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Core Materials Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.