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市場調查報告書
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1679201

2030 年基於材料的能源儲存市場預測:按材料、儲存方法、應用、最終用戶和地區進行的全球分析

Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Material, Storage Method, Application, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據 Stratistics MRC 的數據,全球材料基能源儲存市場規模預計在 2024 年將達到 18.2 億美元,到 2030 年將達到 84.6 億美元,預測期內的複合年成長率為 16.2%。

基於材料的能源儲存是利用吸收、吸附或化學結合氫的固體或液體材料來儲存氫。與傳統的氣態或液態儲氫相比,此方法提高了安全性、效率和儲存密度。這些材料能夠在受控條件下實現可逆的氫儲存和釋放,適用於燃料電池、可再生能源整合和運輸應用。

根據美國能源資訊署(EIA)的數據,未來兩年太陽能、風能和其他非水力可再生能源將成為能源組合中成長最快的部分。

更重視減少碳排放

世界各國政府和工業界都在投資氫氣作為清潔能源載體,以取代交通、發電和重工業中的石化燃料。金屬氫化物和MOF等基於材料的存儲解決方案可以實現安全高效的氫存儲,支持向綠色能源的轉變。加強排放法規、碳中和目標以及氫燃料電池技術的日益普及將進一步加速需求、推動技術創新並促進市場成長。

存儲效率和耐用性問題

基於材料的能源儲存的儲存效率和耐久性問題源自於氫的吸收和解吸速率、材料劣化以及儲存和釋放過程中的能量損失等問題。某些材料,例如金屬氫化物和 MOF,存在動力學緩慢、可回收性有限以及重複循環時容量損失的問題。這些低效率會影響長期性能、增加維護成本並限制大規模採用。結果導致產業不願意投資,市場成長放緩。

擴大交通運輸領域的應用

與傳統的氣態或液態氫儲存相比,使用金屬氫化物、MOF 和化學載體的材料基儲存具有更高的能量密度和安全性。政府和汽車製造商正在投資氫能交通,刺激市場擴張。隨著交通運輸業向零排放替代品邁進,先進的儲存材料變得至關重要,加速了研發、生產和採用,推動了基於材料的氫能能源儲存市場的成長。

安全和處理問題

由於儲氫材料的高反應性、易燃性和潛在的不穩定性,基於材料的能源儲存引發了安全性和處理的擔憂。有些材料,例如金屬氫化物和化學氫載體,需要特定的溫度和壓力條件,有洩漏、熱失控和危險反應的風險。這些安全挑戰帶來了更嚴格的監管審查,使運輸物流變得複雜,並增加了營運成本。

COVID-19 的影響:

由於供應鏈中斷、計劃延遲以及研發投入減少,COVID-19 疫情最初擾亂了基於材料的氫能能源儲存市場。然而,隨著世界各國政府優先考慮綠色能源計畫以實現經濟復甦,疫情後的復甦加速了市場成長。雖然短期挑戰影響了生產和部署,但長期趨勢有利於基於材料的氫存儲,特別是在可再生能源整合、運輸和工業應用領域。

電網穩定部分預計將成為預測期內最大的部分

預計預測期內,電網穩定部分將佔據最大的市場佔有率。基於材料的能源儲存可以透過解決可再生能源的間歇性在電網穩定中發揮關鍵作用。金屬氫化物、MOF和化學氫載體等先進材料能夠實現高效的氫儲存和控制釋放,在高峰需求時提供可靠的能源供應。該技術可平衡電力波動、提高電網可靠性並支援大規模可再生能源整合。

預計重工業在預測期內的複合年成長率最高

預計重工業部門將在預測期內實現最高成長率。基於材料的能源儲存對於需要連續、能源密集製程的重工業(如鋼鐵、水泥和化學品)的脫碳至關重要。金屬氫化物、MOF和化學氫載體可以實現安全、高密度的儲氫,為工業運作提供穩定的燃料來源。該技術將支持氫基供熱、綠色鋼鐵生產和氨合成,同時減少對石化燃料的依賴。

佔比最大的地區:

由於政府的大力支持、對清潔能源的需求不斷成長以及對氫基礎設施的投資不斷增加,預計亞太地區將在預測期內佔據最大的市場佔有率。日本、韓國和中國等國家透過國家氫能戰略、補貼和研發資金引領市場。日本是固體儲氫領域的先驅,而中國正在開發金屬氫化物和化學氫載體。燃料電池汽車的廣泛應用和可再生能源的整合進一步推動了需求。

複合年成長率最高的地區:

在預測期內,由於政府舉措、清潔能源目標以及對氫基礎設施的投資增加,預計北美將呈現最高的複合年成長率。美國和加拿大透過氫能研究資金、稅收優惠和公私合作引領市場擴張。此外,脫碳努力和不斷增加的技術創新將繼續推動市場成長。

免費客製化服務

訂閱此報告的客戶將獲得以下免費自訂選項之一:

  • 公司簡介
    • 對其他市場公司(最多 3 家公司)進行全面分析
    • 主要企業的 SWOT 分析(最多 3 家公司)
  • 地理細分
    • 根據客戶興趣對主要國家進行的市場估計、預測和複合年成長率(註:基於可行性檢查)
  • 競爭性基準化分析
    • 根據產品系列、地理分佈和策略聯盟對主要企業基準化分析

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第 2 章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相關利益者
  • 研究範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料探勘
    • 資料分析
    • 資料檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 研究資訊來源
    • 主要研究資訊來源
    • 二手研究資料資訊來源
    • 先決條件

第3章 市場走勢分析

  • 驅動程式
  • 限制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 應用分析
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新興市場
  • COVID-19 的影響

第 4 章 波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買家的議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭對手之間的競爭

5. 全球以材料為基礎的能源儲存市場(按材料)

  • 金屬氫化物
  • 化學氫化物
  • 碳基材料
  • 多孔材料
  • 玻璃微球
  • 其他材料

6. 全球以材料為基礎的能源儲存市場(以儲存方式)

  • 實體儲存
    • 高壓氣體存儲
    • 低溫液態氫儲存
  • 化學品儲存
    • 固體儲氫
    • 液氫運輸船
  • 其他儲存方法

7. 全球以材料為基礎的能源儲存市場(按應用)

  • 電網穩定
  • 遠端電源
  • 化學製造
  • 精製工藝
  • 金工
  • 其他用途

8. 全球基於材料的能源儲存市場(按最終用戶分類)

  • 資料中心
  • 倉庫
  • 重工業
  • 生產工廠
  • 實用工具
  • 其他最終用戶

9. 全球材料基能源儲存市場(按地區)

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲地區

第10章 主要進展

  • 協議、夥伴關係、合作和合資企業
  • 收購與合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第11章 公司概況

  • Air Liquide
  • Linde plc
  • Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
  • ENGIE
  • FuelCell Energy, Inc.
  • ITM Power PLC
  • GKN Hydrogen
  • McPhy Energy SA
  • Plug Power Inc.
  • Cummins Inc.
  • Chart Industries
  • Hexagon Purus
  • Hydrogenious LOHC Technologies
  • HYGEAR
  • Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen
  • Pragma Industries
  • Uniper
  • Gravitricity Limited
Product Code: SMRC28784

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market is accounted for $1.82 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $8.46 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 16.2% during the forecast period. Material-based hydrogen energy storage refers to storing hydrogen using solid or liquid materials that absorb, adsorb, or chemically bond with hydrogen. This method enhances safety, efficiency, and storage density compared to conventional gas or liquid hydrogen storage. These materials enable reversible hydrogen storage and release under controlled conditions, making them suitable for fuel cells, renewable energy integration, and transportation applications.

According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), solar, wind, and other non-hydroelectric renewables would be the fastest growing areas of the energy portfolio for the next two years.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rising focus on reducing carbon emissions

Governments and industries worldwide are investing in hydrogen as a clean energy carrier to replace fossil fuels in transportation, power generation, and heavy industries. Material-based storage solutions, such as metal hydrides and MOFs, enable safe and efficient hydrogen storage, supporting the transition to green energy. Stricter emission regulations, carbon neutrality goals, and increasing adoption of hydrogen fuel cell technology further accelerate demand, fostering innovation and boosting market growth.

Restraint:

Storage efficiency & durability issues

Storage efficiency and durability issues in material-based hydrogen energy storage arise due to challenges in hydrogen absorption/desorption rates, material degradation, and energy losses during storage and release. Some materials, like metal hydrides and MOFs, suffer from slow kinetics, limited recyclability, and reduced capacity over repeated cycles. These inefficiencies impact long-term performance, increasing maintenance costs and limiting large-scale adoption. As a result, industries hesitate to invest, slowing market growth.

Opportunity:

Increasing applications in transportation

Material-based storage, using metal hydrides, MOFs, and chemical carriers, offers higher energy density and safety compared to traditional gaseous or liquid hydrogen storage. Governments and automakers are investing in hydrogen mobility, fueling market expansion. As transportation sectors push for zero-emission alternatives, advanced storage materials become essential, accelerating R&D, production, and adoption, thereby propelling the growth of the material-based hydrogen energy storage market.

Threat:

Safety & handling concerns

Safety and handling concerns in material-based hydrogen energy storage arise due to the high reactivity, flammability, and potential instability of hydrogen storage materials. Some materials, like metal hydrides and chemical hydrogen carriers, require specific temperature and pressure conditions, posing risks of leaks, thermal runaway, or hazardous reactions. These safety challenges increase regulatory scrutiny, complicate transportation logistics, and raise operational costs, thereby, slowing market adoption.

Covid-19 Impact:

The covid-19 pandemic initially disrupted the material-based hydrogen energy storage market due to supply chain disruptions, project delays, and reduced investments in R&D. However, post-pandemic recovery accelerated market growth as governments prioritized green energy initiatives for economic recovery. While short-term challenges affected production and deployment, long-term trends favoured material-based hydrogen storage, particularly in renewable energy integration, transportation, and industrial applications.

The grid stabilization segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The grid stabilization segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period. Material-based hydrogen energy storage plays a crucial role in grid stabilization by addressing renewable energy intermittency. Advanced materials like metal hydrides, MOFs, and chemical hydrogen carriers enable efficient hydrogen storage and controlled release, providing a reliable energy supply during peak demand. This technology helps balance power fluctuations, enhances grid reliability, and supports large-scale renewable energy integration.

The heavy industries segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the heavy industries segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate. Material-based hydrogen energy storage is crucial for decarbonizing heavy industries like steel, cement, and chemicals, which require continuous, high-energy processes. Metal hydrides, MOFs, and chemical hydrogen carriers enable safe, high-density hydrogen storage, providing a stable fuel source for industrial operations. This technology supports hydrogen-based heating, production of green steel, and ammonia synthesis while reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share due to strong government support, rising clean energy demand, and increasing investments in hydrogen infrastructure. Countries like Japan, South Korea, and China lead the market with national hydrogen strategies, subsidies, and R&D funding. Japan is pioneering solid-state hydrogen storage, while China is advancing metal hydrides and chemical hydrogen carriers. Growing fuel cell vehicle adoption and renewable energy integration further drive demand.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR driven by increasing government initiatives, clean energy targets, and investments in hydrogen infrastructure. The U.S. and Canada are driving market expansion with funding for hydrogen research, tax incentives, and collaborations between public and private sectors. Further, rising decarbonization efforts and technological innovations will continue to propel market growth.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage market include Air Liquide, Linde plc, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., ENGIE, FuelCell Energy, Inc., ITM Power PLC, GKN Hydrogen, McPhy Energy S.A., Plug Power Inc., Cummins Inc., Chart Industries, Hexagon Purus, Hydrogenious LOHC Technologies, HYGEAR, Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen, Pragma Industries, Uniper and Gravitricity Limited.

Key Developments:

In February 2024, Plug Power introduced innovative hydrogen storage tanks and a pioneering mobile liquid hydrogen refueler, significantly enhancing hydrogen storage and distribution capabilities. The newly launched hydrogen storage tanks are designed to efficiently store liquid hydrogen, supporting various applications across the energy and transportation sectors.

In August 2023, Uniper initiated the HyStorage research project at its Bierwang storage facility in Germany. This project aims to assess the feasibility of storing hydrogen in porous rock formations, marking a significant step toward large-scale underground hydrogen storage solutions.

Materials Covered:

  • Metal Hydrides
  • Chemical Hydrides
  • Carbon-based Materials
  • Porous Materials
  • Glass Microspheres
  • Other Materials

Storage Methods Covered:

  • Physical Storage
  • Chemical Storage
  • Other Storage Methods

Applications Covered:

  • Grid Stabilization
  • Remote Power Supply
  • Chemical Manufacturing
  • Refining Processes
  • Metal Processing
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Data Centers
  • Warehouses
  • Heavy Industries
  • Manufacturing Plants
  • Utilities
  • Automotives
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market, By Material

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Metal Hydrides
  • 5.3 Chemical Hydrides
  • 5.4 Carbon-based Materials
  • 5.5 Porous Materials
  • 5.6 Glass Microspheres
  • 5.7 Other Materials

6 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market, By Storage Method

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Physical Storage
    • 6.2.1 High-pressure Gas Storage
    • 6.2.2 Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Storage
  • 6.3 Chemical Storage
    • 6.3.1 Solid-state Hydrogen Storage
    • 6.3.2 Liquid Hydrogen Carriers
  • 6.4 Other Storage Methods

7 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market, By Application

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Grid Stabilization
  • 7.3 Remote Power Supply
  • 7.4 Chemical Manufacturing
  • 7.5 Refining Processes
  • 7.6 Metal Processing
  • 7.7 Other Applications

8 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market, By End User

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Data Centers
  • 8.3 Warehouses
  • 8.4 Heavy Industries
  • 8.5 Manufacturing Plants
  • 8.6 Utilities
  • 8.7 Automotives
  • 8.8 Other End Users

9 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market, By Geography

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 North America
    • 9.2.1 US
    • 9.2.2 Canada
    • 9.2.3 Mexico
  • 9.3 Europe
    • 9.3.1 Germany
    • 9.3.2 UK
    • 9.3.3 Italy
    • 9.3.4 France
    • 9.3.5 Spain
    • 9.3.9 Rest of Europe
  • 9.4 Asia Pacific
    • 9.4.1 Japan
    • 9.4.2 China
    • 9.4.3 India
    • 9.4.4 Australia
    • 9.4.5 New Zealand
    • 9.4.9 South Korea
    • 9.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 9.5 South America
    • 9.5.1 Argentina
    • 9.5.2 Brazil
    • 9.5.3 Chile
    • 9.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 9.9 Middle East & Africa
    • 9.9.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 9.9.2 UAE
    • 9.9.3 Qatar
    • 9.9.4 South Africa
    • 9.9.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

10 Key Developments

  • 10.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 10.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 10.3 New Product Launch
  • 10.4 Expansions
  • 10.5 Other Key Strategies

11 Company Profiling

  • 11.1 Air Liquide
  • 11.2 Linde plc
  • 11.3 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
  • 11.4 ENGIE
  • 11.5 FuelCell Energy, Inc.
  • 11.6 ITM Power PLC
  • 11.7 GKN Hydrogen
  • 11.8 McPhy Energy S.A.
  • 11.9 Plug Power Inc.
  • 11.10 Cummins Inc.
  • 11.11 Chart Industries
  • 11.12 Hexagon Purus
  • 11.13 Hydrogenious LOHC Technologies
  • 11.14 HYGEAR
  • 11.15 Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen
  • 11.16 Pragma Industries
  • 11.17 Uniper
  • 11.18 Gravitricity Limited

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Material (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Metal Hydrides (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Chemical Hydrides (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Carbon-based Materials (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Porous Materials (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Glass Microspheres (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Other Materials (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Storage Method (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Physical Storage (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By High-pressure Gas Storage (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Storage (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Chemical Storage (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Solid-state Hydrogen Storage (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Liquid Hydrogen Carriers (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Other Storage Methods (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Grid Stabilization (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Remote Power Supply (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Chemical Manufacturing (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Refining Processes (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Metal Processing (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Data Centers (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Warehouses (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Heavy Industries (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Manufacturing Plants (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Utilities (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Automotives (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Material-based Hydrogen Energy Storage Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.