鍺和鎵供應鏈：美國和半導體產業面臨的風險

鍺和鎵都是生產射頻 (RF) 感測器設備、5G、IT 通訊和汽車電子產品所必需的關鍵金屬。中國是全球領先的精煉鍺和鎵生產國，這增加了美國半導體供應鏈的風險。全球供應風險進一步放大，特別是最近中國宣布了有關兩種金屬出口許可要求的公告。

這份報告分析了美國的全球鍺（Ge）和鎵（Ga）供應鏈，調查了各產品供應鏈的基本結構和主要特徵，以及目前面臨的挑戰和風險。

目錄

第一章 調查範圍

第 2 章執行摘要

第三章 鍺

• 鍺 (Ge) 概述：為什麼它很重要？
• 鍺：它用於哪些類型的半導體？
• 鍺：它從哪裡來？
• 它是如何製作的？- 從礦石到最終產品
  • 北美主要的鍺來源：
  • GeH4製造方法
• 半導體產業的 Ge 最終用途產品供應商
  • 美國GeH4製造商
  • 鍺濺鍍靶材和基板
  • GeH4 供應鏈追蹤
• 美國鍺進口來源及組成
• 鍺：建設美國新產能
• 鍺：誰使用它？- 對於半導體裝置製造商
• 鍺原料價格走勢

第4章 鎵

• 鎵 (Ga) 概述：為何如此重要？
• 鎵：它用於什麼樣的電子設備？
• 鎵：它從哪裡來？
• 它是如何製作的？- 從礦石到最終產品
• 半導體產業 Ga 最終用途產品供應商
  • 追蹤鎵供應鏈
• 美國進口鎵的地點和配方
• 鎵：建設美國新產能
• 鎵：誰使用它？- 對於半導體裝置製造商
• 鎵原料價格走勢

第五章 中國Ga/Ge貿易限制

第六章 鎵、鍺地緣政治風險及評估

第七章 參考資料

The electronic materials advisory firm providing business and technology information on semiconductor supply chains - has uncovered a significant supply chain risk for germanium and gallium for the global semiconductor market. Both germanium and gallium are critical metals essential to producing RF and sensor devices, 5G, IT communications, and automotive applications. China is the world's leading producer of refined germanium and gallium, which has increased risk for the US semiconductor supply chain. Global supply risks have been further amplified by recent announcements from China regarding export permit requirements for both metals, as explained in TECHCET's new Report on Germanium and Gallium Supply Chain Risks.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SCOPE

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3. GERMANIUM

• 3.1. GERMANIUM OVERVIEW-WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
• 3.2. GERMANIUM-WHAT KINDS OF SEMICONDUCTOR IS IT USED FOR?
• 3.3. GERMANIUM-WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
• 3.4. HOW IS IT MADE? FROM ORE TO END USE PRODUCT
  • 3.4.1. Leading North American Sources of Germanium:
  • 3.4.2. How is GeH4 made?
• 3.5. SUPPLIERS OF GE END USE PRODUCTS TO THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY
  • 3.5.1. US GeH4 Producers
  • 3.5.2. Germanium Sputter Targets and Substrates
  • 3.5.3. Tracing the GeH4 Supply Chain
• 3.6. GERMANIUM US IMPORTS-ORIGINATING LOCATION AND MIX
• 3.7. GERMANIUM-BUILDING NEW US CAPACITY
• 3.8. GERMANIUM-WHO USES IT? SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURERS
• 3.9. GERMANIUM RAW MATERIAL PRICE TRENDS

4. GALLIUM

• 4.1. GALLIUM OVERVIEW-WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
• 4.2. GALLIUM-WHAT KIND OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES IS IT USED FOR?
• 4.3. GALLIUM WHERE DOES GALLIUM COME FROM?
• 4.4. HOW IS IT MADE? FROM ORE TO END USE PRODUCT
• 4.5. SUPPLIERS OF GA END USE PRODUCTS TO THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY
  • 4.5.1. Tracking the Gallium Supply Chain
• 4.6. GALLIUM US IMPORTS-ORIGINATING LOCATION AND MIX
• 4.7. GALLIUM-BUILDING NEW US CAPACITY
• 4.8. GALLIUM-WHO USES IT? SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURERS
• 4.9. GALLIUM RAW MATERIAL PRICE TRENDS

5. CHINA GA & GE TRADE RESTRICTIONS

6. GALLIUM AND GERMANIUM GEOPOLITICAL RISKS & ASSESSMENT

7. REFERENCES

FIGURES

• FIGURE 1: GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM PRODUCTION BY REGION ESTIMATES
• FIGURE 2: US GERMANIUM USE APPLICATIONS ESTIMATE (AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL WEIGHT) 2022
• FIGURE 3: SILICON-GERMANIUM (SIGE) IS CRUCIAL IN 2 NM GAA-FET FABRICATION
• FIGURE 4: 2021 GERMANIUM PRODUCTION ESTIMATES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL OUTPUT (TONS)
• FIGURE 5: GEO2 AND GECL4 PRODUCTION FROM GE CONCENTRATE
• FIGURE 6: AIR LIQUIDE (VOLTAIX) GERMANE PLANT IN BRANCHBURG, NJ (USA)
• FIGURE 7: GERMANIUM ORE TO FINISHED PRODUCTS INTO THE US --SUPPLY CHAIN FLOW
• FIGURE 8: GERMANIUM US IMPORTS BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
• FIGURE 9: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURERS USING SIGE TECHNOLOGY BY REGION (AS A PERCENT OF 200MM EQUIVALENT CAPACITY*)
• FIGURE 10: GERMANIUM PRICE TRENDS 2018 TO 2023
• FIGURE 11: GERMANIUM METAL SHANGHAI METAL MARKET FUTURES (PRICES PER KG)
• FIGURE 12: CHINA WROUGHT AND UNWROUGHT GERMANIUM EXPORT FOR JAN-AUG 2023
• FIGURE 13: WORLD GALLIUM PRODUCTION AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL VOLUME (METRIC TONS)
• FIGURE 14: GALLIUM PRECURSOR SUPPLY CHAIN
• FIGURE 15: EXAMPLE OF MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY SYSTEM
• FIGURE 16: GALLIUM ORE TO FINISHED PRODUCTS INTO THE US --SUPPLY CHAIN FLOW
• FIGURE 17: US GALLIUM IMPORTS SHOWING COUNTRY DEPENDENCY
• FIGURE 18: : SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE & LED MANUFACTURERS USING GAAS/GAN/GAP BY REGION
• FIGURE 19: GALLIUM METAL PRICE TRENDS 2018-2023
• FIGURE 20: GALLIUM METAL SHANGHAI METAL MARKET FUTURES (PRICES PER KG)
• FIGURE 21: CHINA WROUGHT AND UNWROUGHT GA EXPORTS 2023

TABLES

• TABLE 1: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND THEIR USE OF GERMANIUM
• TABLE 2: GERMANIUM SEMICONDUCTOR VALUE CHAIN
• TABLE 3: MOST POPULAR APPLICATIONS FOR GALLIUM SUBSTRATES INCLUDE GAAS AND GAN COMPOUND
• TABLE 4: GA-CONTAINING SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESS MATERIALS SUPPLIERS AND LOCATIONS
• TABLE 5: GALLIUM SEMICONDUCTOR VALUE CHAIN