到 2030 年北美飛機 MRO 市場預測 - 區域分析 - 按零件、飛機類型和最終用戶
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1533141

到 2030 年北美飛機 MRO 市場預測 - 區域分析 - 按零件、飛機類型和最終用戶

North America Aircraft MRO Market Forecast to 2030 - Regional Analysis - by Components, Aircraft Type, and End Users

出版日期: | 出版商: The Insight Partners | 英文 84 Pages | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

2022年北美飛機MRO市場價值為242.2498億美元,預計2030年將達到360.316億美元;預計2022年至2030年複合年成長率為5.1%。

航空旅行的增加推動了北美飛機 MRO 市場

航空公司正在最大限度地利用飛機來滿足不斷成長的乘客需求。這意味著飛機在空中停留的時間更長,需要更頻繁的維護檢查以確保其適航性。隨著越來越多的人選擇航空旅行,航空公司正在營運更多航班,並且起飛之間的周轉時間更短。飛行頻率的增加對飛機維護提出了更高的要求,以確保安全可靠的運作。根據國際機場理事會(ACI) 2023-2024 年世界產業展望,隨著全球客運量的復甦,預計2024 年將成為一個轉捩點,全球旅客出行量將達到94 億人次,高於2019 年的92 億人次(佔2019 年的102.5%)水準)。北美地區的旅客吞吐量為20 億人次,佔2019 年水準的99.8%,預計到2023 年底將接近2019 年的水準。成長預計將未來幾年將激增。預計2024年該地區的客運量將達到21億人次,是2019年水準的103.7%。航空公司的維護需求做出了貢獻。

北美飛機 MRO 市場概況

航空客運量持續成長,迫使航空公司增加航班起降量並引進新飛機。飛機 MRO 活動對於保持零件可用性、一致性和品質至關重要。航空公司營運商依靠 MRO 服務來確保飛機的安全並提高燃油效率。由於原始設備製造商(OEM)主要專注於飛機的開發,MRO市場已成為航空業的可行業務。維護、修理和大修 (MRO) 是航空業的一個複雜過程,適航當局製定了嚴格且具體的標準來決定飛機是否適航。該地區的航空公司每年花費數十億美元來滿足這些規範,這佔其整體營運成本的很大一部分。北美飛機MRO市場預計將受到航空客運量成長的推動;提高可操作性和效能的需要;以及拆卸、更換、測試和修理飛機許多部分的需要。該地區已為全球航空業作出了貢獻。儘管如此,由於航空旅行的連續性,北美航空業將繼續從美國獲得相對較高的利潤。由於美國擁有眾多飛機原始設備製造商,該國是世界上最大的飛機製造商。隨著新飛機的推出和購買,飛機 MRO 服務提供者與航空公司、國防機構等之間通常會簽署一些合約和協議。因此,上述因素正在推動北美的龐大需求。

根據The Insight Partners分析,2023年,北美擁有超過8,000架營運商用飛機的機隊,預計到2033年底將達到約10,000架。 MRO 服務。

此外,北美地區機隊數量的增加預計將增加對引擎和機身等主要飛機部件的 MRO 需求。

除此之外,推動飛機 MRO 市場的因素之一是持續重視各種零件的維護和維修活動支出的增加。此外,該地區的MRO服務提供者不斷關注創新的整合技術,例如數位MRO技術,這使得服務提供者能夠更有效和高效地開展MRO活動。因此,數位化 MRO 技術有望為飛機 MRO 服務提供者創造利潤豐厚的機會。

眾多北美巨頭都致力於提供 MRO 服務,以在該行業中獲得發展動力。 GE Aviation、Barnes Group Inc.、Rolls Royce PLC、Delta TechOps 和 Collins 航太是該行業的領導者。該地區也有多家國際 MRO 服務提供者。西南航空和聯合航空正準備分別在休士頓和洛杉磯為其 MRO 業務開設新的飛機庫。此外,該地區的航空公司正在從事 MRO 外包活動,以削減與 MRO 活動相關的成本。

北美飛機 MRO 市場收入及 2030 年預測(百萬美元)

北美飛機 MRO 市場細分

北美飛機 MRO 市場按零件、飛機類型、最終用戶和國家進行分類。

根據零件,北美飛機MRO市場分為引擎MRO、航空電子設備MRO、機身MRO、客艙MRO、起落架MRO等。 2022 年,引擎 MRO 領域佔據最大的市場佔有率。

從飛機類型來看,北美飛機MRO市場分為固定翼飛機和旋翼飛機。 2022年,固定翼飛機領域將佔據更大的市場佔有率。

從最終用戶來看,北美飛機 MRO 市場分為商業和軍用。 2022年,商業細分市場佔據更大的市場佔有率。

按國家/地區分類,北美飛機 MRO 市場分為美國、加拿大和墨西哥。 2022年,美國在北美飛機MRO市場佔有率中佔據主導地位。

AAR公司;巴恩斯集團公司;柯林斯航太;達美科技營運; FLTechnics、UAB;通用電氣航空集團;漢莎航空技術公司;勞斯萊斯公司;新加坡科技工程有限公司;和土耳其技術公司是北美飛機 MRO 市場的領先公司之一。

目錄

第 1 章:簡介

第 2 章:執行摘要

  • 主要見解
  • 市場吸引力

第 3 章:研究方法

  • 覆蓋範圍
  • 二次研究
  • 初步研究

第 4 章:北美飛機 MRO 市場格局

  • 概述
  • 波特的分析
  • 生態系分析
    • 零件供應商
    • 維護、修理、大修服務提供者
    • 最終用戶

第 5 章:北美飛機 MRO 市場 - 主要產業動態

  • 北美飛機 MRO 市場 - 主要產業動態
  • 市場促進因素
    • 增加航空旅行
    • 數位科技在 MRO 產業中的日益融合
    • 航空業外包趨勢不斷上升
  • 市場限制
    • 整車廠進軍售後市場
  • 市場機會
    • 舊機隊改造
    • 越來越多採用永續航空燃料 (SAF)
  • 未來趨勢
    • 區塊鏈技術改變 MRO 格局
  • 促進因素和限制的影響:

第 6 章:飛機 MRO 市場 - 北美市場分析

  • 北美飛機 MRO 市場收入,2020 - 2030
  • 飛機MRO市場預測與分析

第 7 章:北美飛機 MRO 市場分析 - 組件

  • 概述
    • 北美飛機 MRO 市場,按組成部分(2022 年和 2030 年)
  • 引擎維修
    • 概述
    • 引擎 MRO 市場、收入和 2030 年預測
  • 航空電子設備維修、維修及大修
    • 概述
    • 航空電子 MRO 市場、收入和 2030 年預測
  • 機身維修、維修
    • 概述
    • 北美機身 MRO 市場、收入與 2030 年預測
  • 客艙維護、維修和大修
    • 概述
    • 客艙 MRO 市場、收入與 2030 年預測
  • 起落架維修
    • 概述
    • 起落架 MRO 市場、收入和 2030 年預測
  • 其他
    • 概述
    • 其他市場、收入和 2030 年預測

第 8 章:北美飛機 MRO 市場分析 - 飛機類型

  • 概述
    • 北美飛機 MRO 市場,按飛機類型分類(2022 年和 2030 年)
  • 固定翼
    • 概述
    • 固定翼市場、收入與 2030 年預測
  • 旋翼
    • 概述
    • 旋翼機市場、收入與 2030 年預測

第 9 章:北美飛機 MRO 市場分析 - 最終用戶

  • 概述
    • 北美飛機 MRO 市場,按最終用戶分類(2022 年和 2030 年)
  • 商業的
    • 概述
    • 商業市場、收入與 2030 年預測
  • 軍隊
    • 概述
    • 2030 年軍事市場、收入與預測

第 10 章:北美飛機 MRO 市場 - 國家分析

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第 11 章:產業格局

  • 概述
  • 市場主動性
  • 併購

第 12 章:公司簡介

  • AAR CORP
  • Barnes Group Inc
  • GE Aviation
  • FLTechnics, UAB.
  • Turkish Technic Inc.
  • Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd
  • Lufthansa Technik
  • Delta TechOps
  • Rolls-Royce Holdings Plc
  • Collins Aerospace

第 13 章:附錄

Product Code: TIPRE00022951

The North America aircraft MRO market was valued at US$ 24,224.98 million in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 36,031.60 million by 2030; it is estimated to register a CAGR of 5.1% from 2022 to 2030.

Increasing Air Travel Fuels North America Aircraft MRO Market

Airlines are maximizing the utilization of their aircraft to meet the growing passenger demand. This means that aircraft spend more time in the air and require more frequent maintenance checks to ensure their airworthiness. As more people choose air travel, airlines are operating more flights with shorter turnaround times between departures. This increased flight frequency places greater demands on aircraft maintenance to ensure safe and reliable operations. According to the Airports Council International (ACI) World's Industry Outlook for 2023-2024, as global passenger traffic recovers, 2024 is predicted to represent a turning point, with 9.4 billion passengers traveling worldwide, up from 9.2 billion in 2019 (102.5% of 2019 levels). With 2.0 billion passengers or 99.8% of the 2019 level, the North American region is predicted to approach the 2019 level by the end of 2023. Despite a robust rebound in 2021 and 2022, primarily due to domestic travel, the region's growth is anticipated to surge in the upcoming years. It is projected that passenger traffic in the region will reach 2.1 billion in 2024, which is 103.7% of the level in 2019. As air travel continues to rise, MRO providers play a crucial role in meeting the maintenance demands of airlines, contributing to the growth of the Aircraft MRO market.

North America Aircraft MRO Market Overview

The air passenger traffic is increasing at a constant pace, which has forced the airlines to increase their flight movements and introduce new aircraft. Aircraft MRO activities are essential in keeping up component availability, consistency, and quality. Airline operators depend on MRO services to ensure the safety of the aircraft and enhance fuel efficiency. The MRO market has become a viable business in the aviation industry since original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) mainly focus on the development of aircraft. Maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) is a complex process in the aviation industry that has stringent and specific criteria specified by airworthiness authorities to decide whether an aircraft is airworthy. Airlines in the area spend billions of dollars per year to meet such specifications, which account for a significant portion of their overall operating costs. The aircraft MRO market in North America is expected to be driven by a rise in air passenger traffic; the need to improve operability and performance; and the need for disassembling, replacing, testing, and repairing many sections of aircraft. The region had primed its contribution to the global aviation industry. Nonetheless, the North America aviation industry would continue to generate relatively higher profits from the US owing to the continuity of air travel. Because of the existence of many aircraft OEMs in the US, the country is the world's largest aircraft manufacturer. With the launch and purchase of new aircraft, several contracts and agreements are routinely signed between aircraft MRO service providers and airlines, defense agencies, and others. Thus, the aforementioned factors are propelling a significant demand in North America.

According to The Insight Partners analysis, in 2023, North America had a fleet of more than 8,000 operational commercial aircraft, which is expected to reach ~10,000 by the end of 2033. Such a huge number of operating commercial aircraft will further generate the demand for MRO services in the region.

Moreover, the increase in the number of aircraft fleets across North America is expected to bolster the requirement of MRO for major aircraft components such as engines and airframes.

Besides this, one of the factors catalyzing the aircraft MRO market is the continued emphasis on rising spending on maintenance and repair activities of various components. Furthermore, MRO service providers in the region continually focus on creative integrated technologies, such as digital MRO technology, which enables service providers to carry out MRO activities more effectively and efficiently. As a result, digital MRO technology is expected to create lucrative opportunities for aircraft MRO service providers.

Various North American behemoths are engaged in offering MRO services to gain momentum in the industry. GE Aviation, Barnes Group Inc., Rolls Royce PLC, Delta TechOps, and Collins Aerospace are among the leading players in this industry. Several international MRO service providers are also present in the region. Southwest Airlines and United Airlines are preparing to open new aircraft hangars for their MRO operations in Houston and Los Angeles, respectively. Furthermore, airlines in the region are engaging in MRO outsourcing activities to cut costs associated with MRO activities.

North America Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

North America Aircraft MRO Market Segmentation

The North America aircraft MRO market is categorized into components, aircraft type, end users, and country.

Based on components, the North America aircraft MRO market is segmented into engine MRO, avionics MRO, airframe MRO, cabin MRO, landing gear MRO, and others. The engine MRO segment held the largest market share in 2022.

In terms of aircraft type, the North America aircraft MRO market is bifurcated into fixed wing aircraft and rotary wing aircraft. The fixed wing aircraft segment held a larger market share in 2022.

By end users, the North America aircraft MRO market is bifurcated into commercial and military. The commercial segment held a larger market share in 2022.

By country, the North America aircraft MRO market is segmented into the US, Canada, and Mexico. The US dominated the North America aircraft MRO market share in 2022.

AAR CORP; Barnes Group Inc; Collins Aerospace; Delta TechOps; FLTechnics, UAB; GE Aviation; Lufthansa Technik; Rolls-Royce plc; Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd; and Turkish Technic Inc are among the leading companies operating in the North America aircraft MRO market.

Table Of Contents

1. Introduction

  • 1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
  • 1.2 Market Segmentation

2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1 Key Insights
  • 2.2 Market Attractiveness

3. Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Coverage
  • 3.2 Secondary Research
  • 3.3 Primary Research

4. North America Aircraft MRO Market Landscape

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Porter's Analysis
  • 4.3 Ecosystem Analysis
    • 4.3.1 Component Suppliers
    • 4.3.2 MRO Service Providers
    • 4.3.3 End Users

5. North America Aircraft MRO Market - Key Industry Dynamics

  • 5.1 North America Aircraft MRO Market - Key Industry Dynamics
  • 5.2 Market Drivers
    • 5.2.1 Increasing Air Travel
    • 5.2.2 Growing Integration of Digital Technology in MRO Industry
    • 5.2.3 Rising Outsourcing Trends in the Aviation Industry
  • 5.3 Market Restraints
    • 5.3.1 OEMs Entering Aftermarket
  • 5.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.4.1 Retrofitting of Older Aircraft Fleet
    • 5.4.2 Increasing Adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)
  • 5.5 Future Trends
    • 5.5.1 Blockchain Technology Changing MRO Landscape
  • 5.6 Impact of Drivers and Restraints:

6. Aircraft MRO Market - North America Market Analysis

  • 6.1 North America Aircraft MRO Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • 6.2 Aircraft MRO Market Forecast and Analysis

7. North America Aircraft MRO Market Analysis - Component

  • 7.1 Overview
    • 7.1.1 North America Aircraft MRO Market, By Component (2022 and 2030)
  • 7.2 Engine MRO
    • 7.2.1 Overview
    • 7.2.2 Engine MRO Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.3 Avionics MRO
    • 7.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2 Avionics MRO Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.4 Airframe MRO
    • 7.4.1 Overview
    • 7.4.2 North America Airframe MRO Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.5 Cabin MRO
    • 7.5.1 Overview
    • 7.5.2 Cabin MRO Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.6 Landing Gear MRO
    • 7.6.1 Overview
    • 7.6.2 Landing Gear MRO Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.7 Others
    • 7.7.1 Overview
    • 7.7.2 Others Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

8. North America Aircraft MRO Market Analysis - Aircraft Type

  • 8.1 Overview
    • 8.1.1 North America Aircraft MRO Market, By Aircraft Type (2022 and 2030)
  • 8.2 Fixed Wing
    • 8.2.1 Overview
    • 8.2.2 Fixed Wing Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.3 Rotary Wing
    • 8.3.1 Overview
    • 8.3.2 Rotary Wing Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

9. North America Aircraft MRO Market Analysis - End User

  • 9.1 Overview
    • 9.1.1 North America Aircraft MRO Market, By End User (2022 and 2030)
  • 9.2 Commercial
    • 9.2.1 Overview
    • 9.2.2 Commercial Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 9.3 Military
    • 9.3.1 Overview
    • 9.3.2 Military Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

10. North America Aircraft MRO Market - Country Analysis

  • 10.1 North America
    • 10.1.1 North America Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 US Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.1.1.1 US Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.1.1.2 US Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by Aircraft Type
        • 10.1.1.1.3 US Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by End User
      • 10.1.1.2 Canada Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.1.2.1 Canada Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.1.2.2 Canada Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by Aircraft Type
        • 10.1.1.2.3 Canada Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by End User
      • 10.1.1.3 Mexico Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.1.3.1 Mexico Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by Component
        • 10.1.1.3.2 Mexico Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by Aircraft Type
        • 10.1.1.3.3 Mexico Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by End User

11. Industry Landscape

  • 11.1 Overview
  • 11.2 Market Initiative
  • 11.3 Merger and Acquisition

12. Company Profiles

  • 12.1 AAR CORP
    • 12.1.1 Key Facts
    • 12.1.2 Business Description
    • 12.1.3 Products and Services
    • 12.1.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.1.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.1.6 Key Developments
  • 12.2 Barnes Group Inc
    • 12.2.1 Key Facts
    • 12.2.2 Business Description
    • 12.2.3 Products and Services
    • 12.2.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.2.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.2.6 Key Developments
  • 12.3 GE Aviation
    • 12.3.1 Key Facts
    • 12.3.2 Business Description
    • 12.3.3 Products and Services
    • 12.3.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.3.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.3.6 Key Developments
  • 12.4 FLTechnics, UAB.
    • 12.4.1 Key Facts
    • 12.4.2 Business Description
    • 12.4.3 Products and Services
    • 12.4.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.4.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.4.6 Key Developments
  • 12.5 Turkish Technic Inc.
    • 12.5.1 Key Facts
    • 12.5.2 Business Description
    • 12.5.3 Products and Services
    • 12.5.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.5.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.5.6 Key Developments
  • 12.6 Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd
    • 12.6.1 Key Facts
    • 12.6.2 Business Description
    • 12.6.3 Products and Services
    • 12.6.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.6.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.6.6 Key Developments
  • 12.7 Lufthansa Technik
    • 12.7.1 Key Facts
    • 12.7.2 Business Description
    • 12.7.3 Products and Services
    • 12.7.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.7.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.7.6 Key Developments
  • 12.8 Delta TechOps
    • 12.8.1 Key Facts
    • 12.8.2 Business Description
    • 12.8.3 Products and Services
    • 12.8.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.8.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.8.6 Key Developments
  • 12.9 Rolls-Royce Holdings Plc
    • 12.9.1 Key Facts
    • 12.9.2 Business Description
    • 12.9.3 Products and Services
    • 12.9.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.9.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.9.6 Key Developments
  • 12.10 Collins Aerospace
    • 12.10.1 Key Facts
    • 12.10.2 Business Description
    • 12.10.3 Products and Services
    • 12.10.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.10.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.10.6 Key Developments

13. Appendix

  • 13.1 About The Insight Partners

List Of Tables

  • Table 1. North America Aircraft MRO Market Segmentation
  • Table 2. Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 3. Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million) - Component
  • Table 4. Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million) - Aircraft Type
  • Table 5. Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million) - End User
  • Table 6. US Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 7. US Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Aircraft Type
  • Table 8. US Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User
  • Table 9. Canada Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 10. Canada Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Aircraft Type
  • Table 11. Canada Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User
  • Table 12. Mexico Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Component
  • Table 13. Mexico Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Aircraft Type
  • Table 14. Mexico Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By End User

List Of Figures

  • Figure 1. North America Aircraft MRO Market Segmentation, By Country
  • Figure 2. Porter's Analysis
  • Figure 3. Ecosystem: Aircraft MRO Market
  • Figure 4. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
  • Figure 5. North America Aircraft MRO Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • Figure 6. Aircraft MRO Market Share (%) - Component, 2022 and 2030
  • Figure 7. Engine MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 8. Avionics MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 9. North America Airframe MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 10. Cabin MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 11. Landing Gear MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 12. Others Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 13. North America Aircraft MRO Market Share (%) - Aircraft Type, 2022 and 2030
  • Figure 14. Fixed Wing Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 15. Rotary Wing Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 16. North America Aircraft MRO Market Share (%) - End User, 2022 and 2030
  • Figure 17. Commercial Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 18. Military Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 19. North America Aircraft MRO Market, by Key Country - Revenue (2022) (US$ Million)
  • Figure 20. North America Aircraft MRO Market Breakdown by Country (2022 and 2030)
  • Figure 21. US Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 22. Canada Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 23. Mexico Aircraft MRO Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)