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1567678

乙炔市場 - 全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會和預測，按形式（氣體、液體、其他）、最終用戶（汽車、金屬製造、航太、製藥、玻璃、其他）、地區和競爭細分， 2019 -2029F

Acetylene Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Form (Gas, Liquid, Others), By End User (Automotive, Metal Fabrication, Aerospace, Pharmaceutical, Glass, Others), By Region & Competition, 2019-2029F

出版日期: 2024年10月10日 | 出版商:

TechSci Research | 英文 186 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

簡介目錄

2023年全球乙炔市場價值為61.5億美元，預計2029年將達74.6億美元，預測期內複合年成長率為3.48%。乙炔是一種高度可燃的碳氫化合物氣體，是各種化學過程的關鍵原料，其獨特的性能鞏固了其作為重要工業氣體的地位。隨著新應用和技術進步的出現，尤其是在發展中地區，市場的成長軌跡預計將持續下去。

市場概況
預測期	2025-2029
2023 年市場規模	61.5億美元
2029 年市場規模	74.6億美元
2024-2029 年複合年成長率	3.48%
成長最快的細分市場	氣體
最大的市場	北美洲

推動乙炔市場的主要因素之一是其在化學工業中的廣泛應用。乙炔是乙醛、氯乙烯和合成橡膠等化學品生產的基本組成部分。這些化合物對於製造塑膠、黏合劑和其他工業產品至關重要。對塑膠的需求不斷成長，特別是在包裝、汽車和電子行業，正在推動全球乙炔需求的成長。

乙炔生產過程的技術進步為市場拓展開闢了新的可能性。高效乙炔生產方法的開發降低了營運成本並提高了安全性。這使得傳統生產方法成本過高的地區的中小企業更容易獲得乙炔。

儘管前景樂觀，但全球乙炔市場仍面臨多項挑戰。主要關注點之一是乙炔生產對環境的影響及其可燃性，增加了安全風險。用電石生產乙炔的過程涉及二氧化碳和其他污染物的釋放，這導致許多地區制定了更嚴格的環境法規。

主要市場促進因素

汽車業乙炔需求不斷成長

製藥業乙炔需求不斷成長

主要市場挑戰

原料價格波動

主要市場趨勢

乙炔生產技術進步

細分市場洞察

形成洞察

最終使用者見解

區域洞察

Global Acetylene Market was valued at USD 6.15 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 7.46 Billion by 2029 with a CAGR of 3.48% during the forecast period. Acetylene, a hydrocarbon gas with high flammability, serves as a key raw material for various chemical processes, and its unique properties have cemented its position as a crucial industrial gas. The market's growth trajectory is expected to continue as new applications and technological advancements emerge, particularly in developing regions.

Market Overview
Forecast Period	2025-2029
Market Size 2023	USD 6.15 Billion
Market Size 2029	USD 7.46 Billion
CAGR 2024-2029	3.48%
Fastest Growing Segment	Gas
Largest Market	North America

One of the primary factors driving the acetylene market is its widespread use in the chemical industry. Acetylene is a fundamental building block in the production of chemicals such as acetaldehyde, vinyl chloride, and synthetic rubber. These compounds are essential for manufacturing plastics, adhesives, and other industrial products. The rising demand for plastics, especially in the packaging, automotive, and electronics sectors, is fueling the growth of acetylene demand worldwide.

Technological advancements in acetylene production processes have opened up new possibilities for market expansion. The development of highly efficient acetylene production methods has reduced operational costs and improved safety. This has made acetylene more accessible for small and medium-sized enterprises in regions where traditional production methods were cost-prohibitive.

Despite the positive outlook, the global acetylene market faces several challenges. One of the key concerns is the environmental impact of acetylene production and its flammability, which raises safety risks. The process of producing acetylene from calcium carbide involves the release of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, which has led to stricter environmental regulations in many regions.

Key Market Drivers

Growing Demand of Acetylene in Automotive Industry

The automotive industry heavily depends on acetylene for critical processes like metal fabrication, which plays a key role in vehicle manufacturing. Acetylene's exceptionally high flame temperature makes it the ideal fuel for oxy-acetylene welding and cutting, facilitating precise and efficient work on vehicle frames, chassis, and body structures. Its unique properties are particularly beneficial in supporting the lightweight and compact designs of modern vehicles. This demand is further accelerated by the shift towards electric and hybrid vehicles, which require more advanced and specialized metalworking techniques.

In a recent development, mechanical engineering students from Priyadarshini Bhagwati College of Engineering successfully modified a Maruti 800 to operate on acetylene gas produced by combining water with limestone. By mixing calcium carbide (limestone) with water in a cylinder housed in the trunk, the car can run on acetylene gas while maintaining the option to switch to petrol. The researchers claim that this modification nearly doubles the mileage, minimizes emissions, and reduces fuel costs by increasing the distance covered per kilogram of carbide.

Beyond welding, acetylene is also integral to the production of plastics and synthetic rubbers, which are vital for components like tires, interior parts, and vehicle insulation. This wide-ranging use highlights acetylene's importance as a versatile resource within the automotive manufacturing landscape.

The rapid expansion of the automotive sector, especially in emerging markets, presents significant opportunities for the acetylene market. Countries such as China, India, and Brazil are experiencing increased vehicle production to meet the growing demand driven by an expanding middle class, urbanization, and rising disposable incomes. Consequently, this surge in automobile sales has directly amplified the need for acetylene in automotive manufacturing.

In developed markets, technological advancements in automotive design, such as autonomous driving systems and electric vehicles, are also boosting demand for acetylene. These innovations necessitate precise engineering and premium materials, further fueling the need for acetylene-based welding and cutting processes. As automakers strive to optimize production efficiency and uphold stringent quality standards, the demand for high-performance acetylene continues to rise.

Additionally, the push for more sustainable and environmentally conscious manufacturing processes is another key factor driving acetylene demand within the automotive industry. Global regulatory bodies are enforcing stricter emission standards, compelling automakers to adopt cleaner production practices. Acetylene's use in welding, which is both energy-efficient and low-impact on the environment, aligns well with these sustainability objectives.

Growing Demand of Acetylene in Pharmaceutical Industry

Acetylene plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry as a fundamental component in organic synthesis. It acts as a precursor in the creation of complex organic molecules, which are critical for the development of a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds. Its ability to introduce alkynes and other functional groups into molecules makes it indispensable for producing unique chemical structures, many of which are essential for the therapeutic efficacy of drugs such as antivirals, antibacterial, and anticancer medications.

The demand for acetylene-based chemical reactions has been rising in the pharmaceutical sector, driven by the need for more efficient and cost-effective production processes. The development of innovative drug formulations and the synthesis of complex compounds rely heavily on acetylene, particularly in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical intermediates. Acetylene derivatives are often used to synthesize essential drugs, including vitamins and hormones.

Furthermore, the growth of biopharmaceuticals and the increasing focus on personalized medicine have broadened the scope of pharmaceutical research, further elevating the demand for acetylene. As drug manufacturers work to improve production efficiencies and shorten lead times, acetylene's role in accelerating chemical reactions has become increasingly valuable. This trend is expected to continue as companies invest in advanced technologies to optimize their manufacturing processes.

With the expansion of the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in emerging markets, the demand for acetylene is projected to increase. Major pharmaceutical manufacturing hubs, such as China and India, are experiencing significant growth in generic drug production, which has led to a higher consumption of acetylene for various chemical applications.

Key Market Challenges

Volatility in Price of Feedstock

Acetylene is a vital industrial gas widely utilized in chemical synthesis, welding, and various applications across multiple sectors. It is primarily produced from feedstocks such as calcium carbide and natural gas. The fluctuations in feedstock prices stem from various factors, including geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, and shifts in market demand. For example, geopolitical events like conflicts or trade disputes can lead to sudden changes in the availability and pricing of feedstocks. Additionally, natural disasters, pandemics, and regulatory changes can disrupt supply chains, further intensifying price volatility.

Natural gas prices, a key feedstock for acetylene production, are particularly sensitive to market dynamics. Seasonal demand variations, shifts in production levels, and fluctuations in energy policies can result in significant price changes. Similarly, the market for calcium carbide, sourced from limestone and petroleum, is affected by mining regulations, environmental policies, and production capacity, making it susceptible to price instability.

The unpredictability of feedstock prices presents significant challenges for acetylene manufacturers. Firstly, it complicates cost management. When feedstock prices surge, manufacturers may encounter increased production costs, which can erode profit margins. Consequently, companies often find it necessary to raise acetylene prices, potentially leading to a decline in demand from end-users who may explore alternative products or suppliers.

Moreover, the volatility in feedstock prices can disrupt long-term contracts and pricing agreements. Many manufacturers depend on fixed-price contracts to stabilize their costs; however, abrupt spikes in feedstock prices can create disputes over pricing terms and compel manufacturers to renegotiate contracts. This instability not only impacts the financial health of manufacturers but also complicates their relationships with suppliers and customers.

Key Market Trends

Technological Advancements in Production of Acetylene

Traditionally, acetylene has been produced via the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons or through the reaction of calcium carbide with water. However, recent technological advancements are introducing innovative methods that improve production efficiency while reducing environmental impact.

One of the most promising developments in acetylene production is the electrochemical method, which leverages electricity to drive chemical reactions. This approach not only decreases reliance on fossil fuels but also significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions. By harnessing renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power, manufacturers can produce acetylene more sustainably, addressing the rising demand for eco-friendly solutions in the chemical industry.

To further enhance acetylene selectivity and reduce energy consumption, companies are exploring processes that decompose methane into acetylene and hydrogen using microwave (MW) plasma reactors. These processes can be conducted with or without catalysts, and non-catalytic methods have achieved methane conversions exceeding 90%. While catalysts can increase methane conversion in microwave plasma processes, they also lead to the formation of unsaturated compounds like soot. However, the potential benefits, including hydrogen byproduct credits and reduced soot generation, may incentivize further development and commercialization of methane pyrolysis using microwave plasma reactors.

The development of advanced catalysts has greatly improved the efficiency of acetylene production. Researchers are focusing on optimizing catalytic processes that allow acetylene synthesis from various feedstocks, including biomass and natural gas. These innovations not only boost yields but also lower energy consumption, making acetylene production more cost-effective.

The adoption of integrated production systems, which combine multiple chemical processes, is also gaining momentum in the acetylene market. These systems streamline production, reduce waste, and optimize resource utilization for improved overall efficiency. For instance, integrating acetylene production with downstream processes can enhance energy management and generate cost savings.

Another notable trend is the integration of automation and digital technologies in acetylene production facilities. Advanced control systems, data analytics, and machine learning algorithms allow manufacturers to monitor and optimize production in real-time. These technologies improve operational efficiency, minimize downtime, and enhance product quality. Additionally, predictive maintenance enabled by digital tools ensures smooth operation of production equipment, reducing interruptions and associated costs.

Segmental Insights

Form Insights

Based on Form, Gas have emerged as the fastest growing segment in the Global Acetylene Market in 2023. Natural gas, one of the primary feedstocks for acetylene production, is often more cost-effective compared to other sources such as calcium carbide. With the global availability of natural gas improving, especially in regions rich in shale gas reserves like the United States and certain parts of Asia, many manufacturers are shifting towards gas-based acetylene production to take advantage of its lower price. This trend is particularly strong in regions where access to natural gas is abundant, ensuring a steady and affordable supply.

The use of natural gas in acetylene production is often viewed as a more environmentally friendly alternative. Natural gas emits fewer pollutants compared to coal or oil-based processes. In light of growing environmental regulations and the increasing focus on sustainable industrial practices, gas-based production methods offer a way for acetylene manufacturers to reduce their carbon footprint. This has become a significant factor as more companies seek to meet stricter environmental standards and demonstrate their commitment to sustainability.

Gas-based acetylene production is gaining popularity due to the rising demand from various industries that require acetylene for welding, cutting, and chemical synthesis. The automotive, construction, and metalworking sectors, in particular, have seen significant growth, driving the need for reliable and cost-efficient acetylene supply. The versatility of gas-based acetylene, along with its consistent quality, makes it a preferred choice for these industries, where production efficiency is critical.

End User Insights

Based on End User, Metal Fabrication have emerged as the fastest growing segment in the Global Acetylene Market during the forecast period. Acetylene is widely recognized for its high flame temperature, which makes it ideal for metal cutting and welding. The oxy-acetylene welding process, which combines oxygen with acetylene, produces a concentrated and intense flame capable of reaching temperatures up to 3,500°C (6,332°F). This high-temperature flame allows for precision cutting and welding of metals, ensuring accuracy and efficiency, which are critical in metal fabrication.

As industries such as automotive and aerospace demand more lightweight, durable, and precision-engineered components, acetylene's ability to enable intricate welding and cutting operations enhances its relevance. The global shift towards lightweight materials, such as aluminum and advanced steel alloys, in automotive and aerospace applications further fuels the need for efficient and precise metal fabrication processes.

Rapid infrastructure development, especially in emerging economies, is a key factor driving the growth of metal fabrication and the acetylene market. Governments and private sectors are investing heavily in the construction of commercial buildings, residential complexes, transportation systems, and industrial facilities. Metal fabrication plays a central role in these projects, as it is essential for creating structural components, metal frameworks, pipelines, and other metal-based products required in large-scale construction.

Acetylene's effectiveness in both welding and cutting metal components during these construction processes makes it indispensable to the metal fabrication sector. The growing demand for steel and other metals in infrastructure projects is directly contributing to the expansion of the acetylene market, as acetylene-based welding processes are critical to the assembly of these materials.

Regional Insights

Based on Region, North America have emerged as the dominating region in the Global Acetylene Market in 2023. North America, particularly the United States, boasts vast reserves of natural gas, which is a primary feedstock for acetylene production. The region's well-developed energy infrastructure and advanced extraction techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing, have led to an increase in the availability of natural gas. This not only supports large-scale acetylene production but also reduces production costs, giving North American manufacturers a competitive edge in the global market.

The industrial landscape in North America, especially in the U.S. and Canada, is highly developed, with strong sectors such as chemicals, automotive, and pharmaceuticals all of which have significant demand for acetylene. The use of acetylene in chemical synthesis, metal fabrication, and other industrial applications creates a steady and growing demand. North America's diverse industrial base ensures that acetylene consumption remains high, further contributing to its market dominance.

North American companies are at the forefront of technological innovations in acetylene production. Cutting-edge technologies, such as electrochemical production methods and microwave plasma reactors, have improved production efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and lowered costs. These advancements allow North American producers to meet rising global demand for acetylene in a more sustainable and cost-effective manner, enhancing the region's leadership position.

Key Market Players

Airgas, Inc.
Linde plc
China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
Jinhong Gas Co., Ltd
Gulf Cryo Holding C.S.C
Praxair Technology, Inc.
Messer Canada Inc.
Ellenbarrie Industrial Gases Limited
Matheson Tri-Gas, Inc.
Rexarc International, Inc.

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Acetylene Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Acetylene Market, By Form:

Gas
Liquid
Others

Acetylene Market, By End User:

Automotive
Metal Fabrication
Aerospace
Pharmaceutical
Glass
Others

Acetylene Market, By Region:

North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
Europe
- France
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Germany
- Spain
Asia Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Colombia
Middle East & Africa
- South Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Acetylene Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Acetylene Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

1. Product Overview

1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
- 1.2.1. Markets Covered
- 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
- 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Impact of COVID-19 on Global Acetylene Market

5. Global Acetylene Market Outlook

5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 5.1.1. By Value
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 5.2.1. By Form (Gas, Liquid, Others)
- 5.2.2. By End User (Automotive, Metal Fabrication, Aerospace, Pharmaceutical, Glass, Others)
- 5.2.3. By Region
- 5.2.4. By Company (2023)
5.3. Market Map

6. North America Acetylene Market Outlook

6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 6.2.1. By Form
- 6.2.2. By End User
- 6.2.3. By Country
6.3. North America: Country Analysis
- 6.3.1. United States Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 6.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 6.3.2. Mexico Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 6.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 6.3.3. Canada Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 6.3.3.2.2. By End User

7. Europe Acetylene Market Outlook

7.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.2.1. By Form
- 7.2.2. By End User
- 7.2.3. By Country
7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
- 7.3.1. France Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.2. Germany Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.3. United Kingdom Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.3.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.4. Italy Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.4.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.4.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.5. Spain Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.5.2.1. By Form
    - 7.3.5.2.2. By End User

8. Asia Pacific Acetylene Market Outlook

8.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.2.1. By Form
- 8.2.2. By End User
- 8.2.3. By Country
8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
- 8.3.1. China Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.2. India Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.3. South Korea Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.3.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.4. Japan Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.4.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.4.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.5. Australia Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.5.2.1. By Form
    - 8.3.5.2.2. By End User

9. South America Acetylene Market Outlook

9.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.2.1. By Form
- 9.2.2. By End User
- 9.2.3. By Country
9.3. South America: Country Analysis
- 9.3.1. Brazil Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 9.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 9.3.2. Argentina Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 9.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 9.3.3. Colombia Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 9.3.3.2.2. By End User

10. Middle East and Africa Acetylene Market Outlook

10.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.1.1. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.2.1. By Form
- 10.2.2. By End User
- 10.2.3. By Country
10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
- 10.3.1. South Africa Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.1.2.1. By Form
    - 10.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.2.2.1. By Form
    - 10.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 10.3.3. UAE Acetylene Market Outlook
  - 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.3.2.1. By Form
    - 10.3.3.2.2. By End User

11. Market Dynamics

11.1. Drivers
11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Acetylene Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porters Five Forces Analysis

14.1. Competition in the Industry
14.2. Potential of New Entrants
14.3. Power of Suppliers
14.4. Power of Customers
14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

15.1. Airgas, Inc.
- 15.1.1. Business Overview
- 15.1.2. Company Snapshot
- 15.1.3. Products & Services
- 15.1.4. Financials (As Reported)
- 15.1.5. Recent Developments
- 15.1.6. Key Personnel Details
- 15.1.7. SWOT Analysis
15.2. Linde plc
15.3. China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
15.4. Jinhong Gas Co., Ltd
15.5. Gulf Cryo Holding C.S.C
15.6. Praxair Technology, Inc.
15.7. Messer Canada Inc.
15.8. Ellenbarrie Industrial Gases Limited
15.9. Matheson Tri-Gas, Inc.
15.10. Rexarc International, Inc.