封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1622043

汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場規模:各產品類型,各材料類型,各類汽車,各燃料類型,各地區,範圍及預測

Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market Size By Product Type, By Material Type, By Vehicle Class, Fuel Type, By Geographic Scope and Forecast

出版日期: | 出版商: Verified Market Research | 英文 202 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

汽車引擎密封劑市場規模及預測

2024年汽車引擎密封劑市場規模為56.2億美元,2024年至2031年複合年增長率為5.91%,預計到2031年將達到85.4億美元。汽車引擎封裝材料是透過特定材料封裝引擎來提高汽車效率、性能和舒適性的技術。這種封裝旨在滿足多種用途,重點是降低噪音、振動和聲振粗糙度 (NVH) 以及增強熱管理。汽車引擎密封劑是將引擎封裝在專門製造的外殼或防護罩中的過程。該技術有幾個主要應用,可提高車輛性能和安全性。其中之一是降噪。引擎密封有助於抑制引擎噪音,為乘客帶來更安靜的機艙環境。

汽車引擎密封劑的未來預計將集中於提高車輛效率、降低噪音和改善環境績效。發動機封裝還包括用隔熱材料覆蓋發動機,以減少噪音和振動,創造更安靜、更舒適的機艙環境。先進的封裝技術將發揮關鍵作用,因為汽車製造商致力於創造不僅更經濟,而且能提供優質駕駛體驗的車輛。

汽車引擎密封劑的全球市場動態

影響全球汽車引擎密封劑市場的主要市場動態是:

主要市場驅動因子

加強噪音法規:

汽車引擎密封劑背後的關鍵驅動力之一是人們對降噪的興趣日益濃厚。許多城市頒布了嚴格的噪音法規來解決環境和公共衛生問題。密封劑透過吸收和降低引擎噪音來確保車輛符合這些規定。

對燃油效率的需求不斷增加:

另一個重要的驅動力是人們日益渴望提高燃油效率和減少排放。引擎密封對於改善熱管理、提高引擎效率至關重要。密封劑可保持適當的引擎溫度並減少熱量損失,從而提高引擎效率和燃油經濟性。

材料技術的進步:

隨著先進材料的發展,汽車引擎密封市場大幅擴大。現代封裝系統採用高性能聚合物、複合材料和特殊泡沫等材料來提高耐用性、絕緣性和吸音性。

主要問題

成本與材料選擇

汽車引擎密封劑最重要的問題之一是設計和部署高品質材料的成本。適用於引擎密封件的材料必須能夠承受高溫、耐化學物質接觸並具有良好的隔音性能。這些材料(例如特殊聚合物和複合材料)的製造和獲取成本昂貴。

熱管理:

有效的熱管理是汽車引擎密封劑的另一個關鍵挑戰。雖然封裝可以降低噪音並改善空氣動力學性能,但它也往往會積聚引擎周圍的熱量。必須仔細管理儲存的熱量,以避免過熱,從而導致引擎損壞和性能下降。

與複雜的引擎技術相容:

隨著汽車產業轉向更複雜的引擎技術,例如電動和混合動力系統,確保與這些系統的兼容性變得越來越困難。傳統內燃機與電動馬達和混合動力系統有不同的密封要求,這可能需要不同的材料和設計方法。

主要趨勢:

專注於燃油效率和減排

汽車引擎密封劑市場最重要的趨勢之一是越來越注重提高燃油效率和減少車輛排放。引擎密封透過防止熱量損失保持最佳引擎溫度並提高燃油效率。

材料技術的進步:

另一個重要趨勢是改進材料在引擎密封件中的開發和應用。塑膠和複合材料等傳統材料正被先進聚合物、泡沫和碳纖維複合材料等輕質、耐熱替代品所取代或改進。這些新材料不僅提供卓越的隔熱和降噪性能,還有助於減輕車輛的整體重量,進一步提高燃油效率。

電動車 (EV) 日益普及:

隨著汽車產業向電氣化轉型,引擎密封的作用正在擴大。儘管電動車沒有傳統的內燃機,但它們仍然會從電池、電動馬達和電力電子裝置等零件產生熱能和噪音。引擎密封解決方案的開發是為了解決電動車中的這些熱量和噪音問題,使它們能夠有效、安靜地運行。

目錄

第1章 汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場:簡介

  • 市場概要
  • 調查範圍
  • 前提條件

第2章 VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH的調查手法

  • 資料探勘
  • 2次調查
  • 1次調查
  • 專家的建議
  • 品質檢查
  • 最後檢討
  • 資料的三角測量
  • Bottom-Up(由下而上)方法
  • Top-Down(由上而下)方法
  • 調查的流程
  • 資料來源

第3章 摘要整理

  • 概要
  • 絕對的商機
  • 市場魅力
  • 未來市場機會

第4章 汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場展望

  • 概要
  • 市場動態
    • 促進因素
    • 阻礙因素
    • 機會
  • 波特的五力分析
  • 價值鏈分析

第5章 汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場:各產品類型

  • 身體mount
  • 發動機架

第6章 汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場:各材料類型

  • 聚氨酯
  • 聚丙烯
  • 聚醯胺
  • 玻璃絨
  • 碳纖維

第7章 汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場:各級汽車

  • 經濟
  • 中價格
  • 高級車

第8章 汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場:各燃料類型

  • 柴油
  • 汽油

第9章 汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場:各地區

  • 概要
  • 北美
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 法國
    • 其他歐洲
  • 亞太地區
    • 中國
    • 日本
    • 印度
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 全球其他地區
    • 南美
    • 中東·非洲

第10章 汽車引擎用封裝材的全球市場:競爭情形

  • 概要
  • 各公司的市場排行榜
  • 主要的開發策略
  • 企業的各地區足跡
  • 企業的產業足跡
  • ACE矩陣

第11章 企業簡介

  • Henniges Automotive
  • Autoneum
  • Freudenberg
  • BASF
  • Covestro
  • LyondellBasell
  • SABIC
  • Solvay
  • DuPont
  • Evonik

第12章 主要發展

  • 產品上市/開發
  • 合併和收購
  • 事業擴大
  • 夥伴關係和合作

第13章 附錄

  • 相關調查
簡介目錄
Product Code: 14737

Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market Size And Forecast

Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market size was valued at USD 5.62 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 8.54 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 5.91% from 2024 to 2031. Automotive engine encapsulation is a technology that improves vehicle efficiency, performance, and comfort by encapsulating the engine in specific materials. This enclosure is intended to serve various purposes with a primary focus on decreasing noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) and enhancing thermal management. Automotive engine encapsulation is the process of wrapping or encircling an engine with a specifically built enclosure or shield. This technology has several major uses for improving vehicle performance and safety. One such application is noise reduction. Engine encapsulation helps to attenuate engine sounds resulting in a calmer interior environment for passengers.

The future of automobile engine encapsulation is expected to focus on increasing vehicle efficiency, lowering noise, and improving environmental performance. Engine encapsulation includes covering the engine with insulating materials to reduce noise and vibrations resulting in a quieter and more comfortable cabin environment. Advanced encapsulation technologies will play an important role as carmakers strive to create vehicles that are not only more economical but also provide a premium driving experience.

Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market Dynamics

The key market dynamics that are shaping the global automotive engine encapsulation market include:

Key Market Drivers:

Increasing Noise Regulations:

One of the key driving forces for automotive engine encapsulation is the growing emphasis on noise reduction. Many localities have enacted strict noise limits to address environmental and public health problems. Encapsulation reduces engine noise by absorbing and reducing it ensuring that vehicles meet these rules.

Rising Demand for Fuel Efficiency:

Another important driver is the growing desire for greater fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Engine encapsulation is critical for improving thermal management which increases engine efficiency. Encapsulation improves engine efficiency and fuel economy by maintaining appropriate engine temperatures and limiting heat loss.

Material Technology Advancements:

The development of sophisticated materials has considerably increased the market for automotive engine encapsulation. Modern encapsulation systems employ materials such as high-performance polymers, composites, and specialty foams to improve durability, thermal insulation, and sound absorption.

Key Challenges:

Cost and Material Selection

: One of the most significant issues in car engine encapsulation is the cost of designing and deploying high-quality materials. Materials suitable for engine encapsulation must be able to withstand high temperatures, resist chemical exposure, and provide excellent noise insulation. These materials such as specialty polymers or composites can be costly to manufacture and acquire.

Heat Management:

Effective heat management is yet another key difficulty in car engine encapsulation. While encapsulation reduces noise and improves aerodynamics, it also retains heat around the engine. This stored heat must be managed carefully to avoid overheating which can cause engine damage or decreased performance.

Compatibility with Complex Engine Technologies:

As the automotive industry transitions to more complex engine technologies such as electric and hybrid powertrains, the difficulty of assuring compatibility with these systems grows. Traditional internal combustion engines have different encapsulation requirements than electric motors or hybrid systems which may necessitate alternative materials and design approaches.

Key Trends:

Focus on Fuel Efficiency and Emission Reductions

: One of the most important trends in the automotive engine encapsulation market is the rising emphasis on improving fuel efficiency and lowering vehicle emissions. Engine encapsulation helps to maintain the engine's optimal temperature by preventing heat loss which improves fuel efficiency.

Advances in Material Technology:

Another important trend is the development and application of improved materials in engine encapsulation. Traditional materials such as plastics and composites are being replaced or improved with lightweight, heat-resistant alternatives such as sophisticated polymers, foams, and carbon fiber composites. These new materials not only provide superior thermal insulation and noise reduction but also contribute to overall vehicle weight reduction which further enhances fuel efficiency.

Growing Adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs):

As the automobile industry transitions to electrification, the role of engine encapsulation expands. While electric vehicles lack traditional combustion engines, they nonetheless produce heat and noise from components such as the battery, electric motor, and power electronics. Engine encapsulation solutions are being developed to address these thermal and acoustic difficulties in EVs, allowing them to function effectively and silently.

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Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market Regional Analysis

Here is a more detailed regional analysis of the global automotive engine encapsulation market:

North America:

The North American automobile engine encapsulation market is primarily driven by rigorous fuel efficiency and emission standards with the United States dominating the region. This driver's dominance is due to increased pressure on automakers to achieve Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations and cut greenhouse gas emissions.

In North America, notably in the United States, government restrictions have a significant impact on the car engine encapsulation business. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the CAFE criteria for passenger automobiles and light trucks will rise to 55 miles per gallon by 2026. This marks a considerable 10% increase over the 2021 criteria.

Furthermore, the United States Department of Energy claims that modern engine technologies such as engine encapsulation, have the potential to increase fuel efficiency in passenger vehicles by 4-8%. The push for fuel efficiency is further bolstered by data from the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) which predicts that the average fuel economy of new light-duty cars would rise from 39 miles per gallon in 2025 to 50 miles per gallon in 2050.

Asia Pacific:

The Asia Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing market for automotive engine encapsulation owing to rapid industrialization and increased vehicle manufacturing. Stringent environmental regulations and a growing emphasis on fuel efficiency in the region are also driving this growth. Several main factors drive the Asia-Pacific automobile engine encapsulation industry. First and foremost, the region's car production has increased significantly.

According to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), China alone will generate over 26 million vehicles in 2021 accounting for around 32.5% of global vehicle production. India, another key competitor in the region manufactured almost 4.4 million automobiles that same year. This significant production volume opens up a considerable prospective market for engine encapsulation technology.

These laws require the adoption of technologies such as engine encapsulation to increase fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Third, growing fuel prices in the region are increasing customer demand for fuel-efficient automobiles. According to the Asian Development Bank, the transportation industry accounts for around 19% of total final energy consumption in Asia, with road transport being the greatest consumer. This has sparked growing interest in fuel-efficient technology such as engine encapsulation. Finally, government actions supporting electric and hybrid vehicles are indirectly beneficial to the engine encapsulation industry.

Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market: Segmentation Analysis

The Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market is segmented based on Product Type, Material Type, Programming Interface, and Geography.

Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market, By Product Type

  • Engine-Mounted
  • Body-Mounted

Based on the Product Type, the Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market is bifurcated into Engine-Mounted, Body-Mounted. In the automotive engine encapsulation market, the engine-mounted encapsulation segment is typically dominant. This dominance is due to its direct role in improving engine performance by reducing noise, vibrations, and harshness (NVH) levels. Engine-mounted encapsulation is strategically placed around the engine itself which allows for better thermal management helping to maintain optimal engine temperatures and improve fuel efficiency.

Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market, By Material Type

  • Polypropylene
  • Polyurethane
  • Polyamide

Based on the Material Type, the Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market is bifurcated into Polypropylene, Polyurethane, and Polyamide. In the automotive engine encapsulation market, polypropylene is often the dominant material due to its advantageous properties and cost-effectiveness. Polypropylene is favored for its lightweight nature which contributes to overall vehicle weight reduction and improved fuel efficiency. Additionally, it offers good thermal and acoustic insulation crucial for enhancing engine performance and reducing noise.

Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market, By Vehicle Class

  • Economic Light-Duty Vehicles
  • Mid-Priced Light-Duty Vehicles
  • Luxury Light-Duty Vehicles

Based on the Vehicle Class, the Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market is bifurcated into Economic Light-Duty Vehicles, Mid-Priced Light-Duty Vehicles, and Luxury Light-Duty Vehicles. The mid-priced light-duty vehicles segment is dominant in the global automotive engine encapsulation market. This dominance is driven by the balance it offers between cost and features appealing to a broad consumer base. Mid-priced vehicles are often equipped with advanced technologies and features including engine encapsulation which enhances fuel efficiency, reduces noise, and improves thermal management. As the demand for vehicles that offer better fuel economy and environmental performance grows, manufacturers are increasingly incorporating engine encapsulation in mid-priced models to meet these expectations.

Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market, By Fuel Type

  • Gasoline
  • Diesel

Based on the Fuel Type, the Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market is bifurcated into Gasoline and Diesel. In the global automotive engine encapsulation market, the gasoline segment is expected to be dominant. This dominance is primarily driven by the higher production and sales of gasoline-powered vehicles compared to diesel vehicles, particularly in regions like North America and Asia-Pacific. Gasoline engines are favored for their lower emissions and compliance with stringent environmental regulations which are becoming increasingly important globally. As a result, the need for engine encapsulation in gasoline vehicles is more pronounced making this segment the leading contributor to the market's growth.

Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market, By Geography

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Rest of the World

Based on Geography, the Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market is classified into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World. North America dominates the automotive engine encapsulation market. The region is home to major automotive manufacturers and has a well-established automotive industry driving significant demand for advanced vehicle technologies. Additionally, stringent government regulations regarding fuel efficiency and emission control have spurred the adoption of engine encapsulation to reduce engine noise and improve thermal management which enhances vehicle performance and energy efficiency. The growing consumer demand for premium and luxury vehicles which often feature advanced engine encapsulation technologies further boosts the market in North America.

Key Players

  • The "Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market" study report will provide valuable insight with an emphasis on the global market. The major players in the market are
  • Henniges Automotive, Autoneum, Freudenberg, BASF, Covestro, LyondellBasell, SABIC, Solvay, DuPont, Evonik, DSM, Arkema, Asahi Kasei, Toray Industries, Mitsui Chemicals, Sumitomo Chemical, Teijin, LANXESS, and Borealis.

Our market analysis also entails a section solely dedicated to such major players wherein our analysts provide an insight into the financial statements of all the major players, along with product benchmarking and SWOT analysis. The competitive landscape section also includes key development strategies, market share, and market ranking analysis of the above-mentioned players globally.

Global Automotive Engine Encapsulation Market Key Developments

  • In September 2023, Covestro and BASF worked together on lightweight engine encapsulation solutions. The two chemical conglomerates formed a partnership to develop lightweight engine encapsulation components composed of Covestro polycarbonates and BASF polyamides. This alliance aims to reduce vehicle weight while enhancing fuel efficiency.
  • In October 2023, Freudenberg will release a new heat shield specifically designed for electric vehicle batteries. This shield has excellent heat management and fire resistance, which are crucial for EV safety and performance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION OF GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE ENCAPSULATION MARKET

  • 1.1 Overview of the Market
  • 1.2 Scope of Report
  • 1.3 Assumptions

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH

  • 2.1 Data mining
  • 2.2 Secondary research
  • 2.3 Primary research
  • 2.4 Subject matter expert advice
  • 2.5 Quality check
  • 2.6 Final review
  • 2.7 Data triangulation
  • 2.8 Bottom-up approach
  • 2.9 Top-down approach
  • 2.10 Research flow
  • 2.11 Data sources

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 3.1 Overview
  • 3.2 Absolute $ Opportunity
  • 3.3 Market attractiveness
  • 3.4 Future Market Opportunities

4 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE ENCAPSULATION MARKET OUTLOOK

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Market Dynamics
    • 4.2.1 Drivers
    • 4.2.2 Restraints
    • 4.2.3 Opportunities
  • 4.3 Porters Five Force Model
  • 4.4 Value Chain Analysis

5 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE ENCAPSULATION MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE

  • 5.1 Body Mounted
  • 5.2 Engine Mounted

6 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE ENCAPSULATION MARKET, BY MATERIAL TYPE

  • 6.1 Polyurethane
  • 6.2 Polypropylene
  • 6.3 Polyamide
  • 6.4 Glasswool
  • 6.5 Carbon Fiber

7 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE ENCAPSULATION MARKET, BY VEHICLE CLASS

  • 7.1 Economic
  • 7.2 Mid-Priced
  • 7.3 Luxury

8 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE ENCAPSULATION MARKET, BY FUEL TYPE

  • 8.1 Diesel
  • 8.2 Gasoline

9 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE ENCAPSULATION MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 9.1 Overview
  • 9.2 North America
    • 9.2.1 U.S.
    • 9.2.2 Canada
    • 9.2.3 Mexico
  • 9.3 Europe
    • 9.3.1 Germany
    • 9.3.2 U.K.
    • 9.3.3 France
    • 9.3.4 Rest of Europe
  • 9.4 Asia Pacific
    • 9.4.1 China
    • 9.4.2 Japan
    • 9.4.3 India
    • 9.4.4 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 9.5 Rest of the World
    • 9.5.1 Latin America
    • 9.5.2 Middle East and Africa

10 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE ENCAPSULATION MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

  • 10.1 Overview
  • 10.2 Company Market Ranking
  • 10.3 Key Development Strategies
  • 10.4 Company Regional Footprint
  • 10.5 Company Industry Footprint
  • 10.6 ACE Matrix

11 COMPANY PROFILES

  • 11.1 Henniges Automotive
    • 11.1.1 Company Overview
    • 11.1.2 Company Insights
    • 11.1.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.1.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.1.5 Key Developments
    • 11.1.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.1.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.1.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.1.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.2 Autoneum
    • 11.2.1 Company Overview
    • 11.2.2 Company Insights
    • 11.2.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.2.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.2.5 Key Developments
    • 11.2.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.2.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.2.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.2.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.3 Freudenberg
    • 11.3.1 Company Overview
    • 11.3.2 Company Insights
    • 11.3.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.3.5 Key Developments
    • 11.3.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.3.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.3.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.3.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.4 BASF
    • 11.4.1 Company Overview
    • 11.4.2 Company Insights
    • 11.4.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.4.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.4.5 Key Developments
    • 11.4.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.4.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.4.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.4.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.5 Covestro
    • 11.5.1 Company Overview
    • 11.5.2 Company Insights
    • 11.5.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.5.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.5.5 Key Developments
    • 11.5.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.5.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.5.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.5.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.6 LyondellBasell
    • 11.6.1 Company Overview
    • 11.6.2 Company Insights
    • 11.6.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.6.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.6.5 Key Developments
    • 11.6.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.6.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.6.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.6.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.7 SABIC
    • 11.7.1 Company Overview
    • 11.7.2 Company Insights
    • 11.7.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.7.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.7.5 Key Developments
    • 11.7.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.7.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.7.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.7.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.8 Solvay
    • 11.8.1 Company Overview
    • 11.8.2 Company Insights
    • 11.8.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.8.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.8.5 Key Developments
    • 11.8.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.8.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.8.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.8.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.9 DuPont
    • 11.9.1 Company Overview
    • 11.9.2 Company Insights
    • 11.9.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.9.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.9.5 Key Developments
    • 11.9.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.9.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.9.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.9.9 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.10 Evonik
    • 11.10.1 Company Overview
    • 11.10.2 Company Insights
    • 11.10.3 Business Breakdown
    • 11.10.4 Product Benchmarking
    • 11.10.5 Key Developments
    • 11.10.6 Winning Imperatives
    • 11.10.7 Current Focus & Strategies
    • 11.10.8 Threat from Competition
    • 11.10.9 SWOT Analysis

12 KEY DEVELOPMENTS

  • 12.1 Product Launches/Developments
  • 12.2 Mergers and Acquisitions
  • 12.3 Business Expansions
  • 12.4 Partnerships and Collaborations

13 APPENDIX

  • 13.1 Related Research