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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1361814

全球軍用電池市場報告

Global Military Battery Market Report

出版日期: | 出版商: Value Market Research | 英文 390 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格

全球軍用電池市場需求預計將從 2022 年的 23 億美元增至 2030 年的近 34.2 億美元,2023-2030 年研究期間年複合成長率為 5.1%。

軍用電池用於為軍隊的各種電子設備供電,也用於船舶和潛艇。軍用電池需要堅固耐用並能夠應對極端天氣條件。事實證明,軍用電池在電力可能失效的緊急備用情況下是一個有用的解決方案。

市場動態:

在複雜的軍事系統中擴大使用輕型和高功率密度電池,推動了軍用電池市場的發展。遠端操作和全自動無人機和機器人的軍用電池需求量很大。由於對高效能和低維護電力儲存技術的需求不斷成長,軍用電池市場正在成長。此外,各國政府對發展國防部門的投資不斷增加,預計將為軍用電池提供利潤豐厚的市場機會。此外,不同新興電子產品的推出,例如用於夜視應用的穿戴式設備,在軍事工業中越來越受歡迎。由於這些技術需要使用電池,因此軍用電池的需求量很大。然而,高昂的維護成本阻礙了軍用電池市場的成長。

研究報告涵蓋波特五力模型、市場吸引力分析和價值鏈分析。這些工具有助於清晰地了解行業結構並評估全球範圍內的競爭吸引力。此外,這些工具也對全球軍用電池市場的各個細分市場進行了包容性評估。軍用電池產業的成長和趨勢為本研究提供了整體方法。

區域分析:

本節涵蓋區域前景,重點介紹北美、歐洲、亞太地區、拉丁美洲以及中東和非洲軍用電池市場當前和未來的需求。此外,該報告重點關注所有主要地區各個應用領域的需求、估計和預測。

該研究報告還涵蓋了市場主要參與者的全面概況以及對全球競爭格局的深入了解。軍用電池市場的主要參與者包括EnerSys(美國)、GS Yuasa International Ltd(日本)、Saft(法國)、Exide Industries(印度)和EaglePicher Technologies(美國)。本節包含競爭格局的整體視圖,包括各種策略發展,例如關鍵併購、未來產能、合作夥伴關係、財務概況、合作、新產品開發、新產品發布和其他發展。

如果您有任何客製化要求,請寫信給我們。我們的研究團隊可以根據您的需求提供客製化報告。

目錄

第 1 章:前言

  • 報告說明
    • 客觀的
    • 目標受眾
    • 獨特的銷售主張 (USP) 和產品
  • 研究範圍
  • 研究方法論
    • 市場研究過程
    • 市場研究方法論

第 2 章:執行摘要

  • 市場亮點
  • 全球市場概況

第 3 章:軍用電池 - 產業分析

  • 簡介 - 市場動態
  • 市場促進因素
  • 市場限制
  • 機會
  • 產業動態
  • 波特五力分析
  • 市場吸引力分析
    • 按平台分類的市場吸引力分析
    • 按類型分類的市場吸引力分析
    • 按構成進行的市場吸引力分析
    • 按安裝進行的市場吸引力分析
    • 按電壓分類的市場吸引力分析
    • 按功率密度進行的市場吸引力分析
    • 市場吸引力分析:按地區

第 4 章:價值鏈分析

  • 價值鏈分析
  • 原料分析
    • 原料清單
    • 原料廠商清單
    • 主要原物料價格走勢
  • 潛在買家名單
  • 行銷管道
    • 直效行銷
    • 間接行銷
    • 行銷通路發展趨勢

第 5 章:COVID-19 爆發的影響分析

第 6 章:全球軍用電池市場分析:按平台

  • 平台概覽
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 按平台分析
  • 地面
  • 空降兵
  • 海洋

第 7 章:全球軍用電池市場分析:按類型

  • 按類型概述
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 按類型分析
  • 不可充電
  • 可充電的
  • 推進力
  • 非推進式

第 8 章:全球軍用電池市場分析:依構成

  • 按組成概述
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 按成分分析
  • 旋轉式鋰基
  • 鉛酸
  • 鎳基
  • 熱的
  • 其他

第 9 章:全球軍用電池市場分析:依安裝方式

  • 按安裝概述
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 按安裝分析
  • 代工生產
  • 售後市場

第 10 章:全球軍用電池市場分析:按電壓分類

  • 按電壓概述
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 按電壓分析
  • 小於12V
  • 12-24V
  • 大於24V

第 11 章:全球軍用電池市場分析:按功率密度

  • 按功率密度概述
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 按功率密度分析
  • 小於 100 瓦時/公斤
  • 100-200瓦時/公斤
  • 超過 200 瓦時/公斤

第 12 章:全球軍用電池市場銷售分析:按地理位置

  • 區域展望
  • 介紹
  • 北美銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 北美按細分市場銷售分析
    • 北美按國家銷售分析
    • 美國銷售分析
    • 加拿大銷售分析
    • 墨西哥銷售分析
  • 歐洲銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 歐洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 歐洲按國家銷售分析
    • 英國銷售分析
    • 法國銷售分析
    • 德國銷售分析
    • 義大利銷售分析
    • 俄羅斯銷售分析
    • 歐洲其他地區銷售分析
  • 亞太地區銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 亞太地區按細分市場銷售分析
    • 亞太地區國家/地區銷售分析
    • 中國銷售分析
    • 印度銷售分析
    • 日本銷售分析
    • 韓國銷售分析
    • 澳洲銷售分析
    • 亞太地區其他地區銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按國家銷售分析
    • 巴西銷售分析
    • 阿根廷銷售分析
    • 秘魯銷售分析
    • 智利銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲其他地區銷售分析
  • 中東和非洲銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 中東和非洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 中東和非洲國家銷售分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯銷售分析
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國銷售分析
    • 以色列銷售分析
    • 南非銷售分析
    • 中東其他地區和非洲銷售分析

第 13 章:軍用電池公司的競爭格局

  • 軍用電池市場競爭
  • 夥伴關係/協作/協議
  • 併購
  • 新產品發布
  • 其他發展

第 14 章:公司簡介

  • 頂尖公司股票分析
  • 市場集中度
  • EnerSys (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • GS Yuasa International Ltd (Japan)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Saft (France)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Exide Industries (India)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • EaglePicher Technologies (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展

注意 - 在公司概況中,財務詳細資訊和近期發展視情況而定,或者如果是私人公司,則可能不包括在內

Product Code: VMR11218586

The global demand for Military Battery Market is presumed to reach the market size of nearly USD 3.42 BN by 2030 from USD 2.3 BN in 2022 with a CAGR of 5.1% under the study period 2023 - 2030.

Military battery is used to power various electronic equipment of military forces and is also used in ships & submarines. Military battery requires to be robust and capable of handling extreme weather conditions. Military battery proves to be a helpful solution in emergency backup situations wherein electricity may fail.

MARKET DYNAMICS:

The increased use of lightweight and high-power density batteries in sophisticated military systems drives the military battery market. The remotely operated and fully automated UAVs and robots' military battery are in high demand. The military battery market is growing due to the increasing demand for efficient and low-maintenance power storage technologies. Furthermore, growing investments by the government of various countries in developing the defense sector are anticipated to provide lucrative market opportunities to the military battery. In addition, the introduction of different emerging electronic gadgets, such as wearable devices for night vision applications, has grown in popularity in the military industry. Because these technologies need the usage of batteries, military battery are in high demand. However, the high maintenance cost hampers the military battery market growth.

The research report covers Porter's Five Forces Model, Market Attractiveness Analysis, and Value Chain analysis. These tools help to get a clear picture of the industry's structure and evaluate the competition attractiveness at a global level. Additionally, these tools also give an inclusive assessment of each segment in the global market of military battery. The growth and trends of military battery industry provide a holistic approach to this study.

MARKET SEGMENTATION:

This section of the military battery market report provides detailed data on the segments at country and regional level, thereby assisting the strategist in identifying the target demographics for the respective product or services with the upcoming opportunities.

By Platform

  • Ground
  • Airborne
  • Marine

By Type

  • Non-rechargeable
  • Rechargeable
  • Propulsion
  • Non-propulsion

By Composition

  • Rotary Lithium-based
  • Lead-acid
  • Nickel-based
  • Thermal
  • Others

By Installation

  • OEM
  • Aftermarket

By Voltage

  • Less than 12V
  • 12-24V
  • More than 24V

By Power Density

  • Less than 100 Wh/Kg
  • 100-200 Wh/Kg
  • More than 200 Wh/Kg

REGIONAL ANALYSIS:

This section covers the regional outlook, which accentuates current and future demand for the Military Battery market across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Further, the report focuses on demand, estimation, and forecast for individual application segments across all the prominent regions.

The research report also covers the comprehensive profiles of the key players in the market and an in-depth view of the competitive landscape worldwide. The major players in the military battery market include EnerSys (US), GS Yuasa International Ltd (Japan), Saft (France), Exide Industries (India), and EaglePicher Technologies (US). This section consists of a holistic view of the competitive landscape that includes various strategic developments such as key mergers & acquisitions, future capacities, partnerships, financial overviews, collaborations, new product developments, new product launches, and other developments.

In case you have any custom requirements, do write to us. Our research team can offer a customized report as per your need.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 . PREFACE

  • 1.1. Report Description
    • 1.1.1. Objective
    • 1.1.2. Target Audience
    • 1.1.3. Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
  • 1.2. Research Scope
  • 1.3. Research Methodology
    • 1.3.1. Market Research Process
    • 1.3.2. Market Research Methodology

2 . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 2.1. Highlights of Market
  • 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3 . MILITARY BATTERY - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

  • 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
  • 3.2. Market Drivers
  • 3.3. Market Restraints
  • 3.4. Opportunities
  • 3.5. Industry Trends
  • 3.6. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Platform
    • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
    • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Composition
    • 3.7.4 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Installation
    • 3.7.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Voltage
    • 3.7.6 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Power Density
    • 3.7.7 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4 . VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

  • 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
  • 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
    • 4.2.1. List of Raw Materials
    • 4.2.2. Raw Material Manufactures List
    • 4.2.3. Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  • 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
  • 4.4. Marketing Channel
    • 4.4.1. Direct Marketing
    • 4.4.2. Indirect Marketing
    • 4.4.3. Marketing Channel Development Trend

5 . IMPACT ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK

6 . GLOBAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET ANALYSIS BY PLATFORM

  • 6.1 Overview by Platform
  • 6.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 6.3 Analysis by Platform
  • 6.4 Ground Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 6.5 Airborne Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 6.6 Marine Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

7 . GLOBAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET ANALYSIS BY TYPE

  • 7.1 Overview by Type
  • 7.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 7.3 Analysis by Type
  • 7.4 Non-rechargeable Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 7.5 Rechargeable Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 7.6 Propulsion Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 7.7 Non-propulsion Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

8 . GLOBAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET ANALYSIS BY COMPOSITION

  • 8.1 Overview by Composition
  • 8.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 8.3 Analysis by Composition
  • 8.4 Rotary Lithium-based Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 8.5 Lead-acid Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 8.6 Nickel-based Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 8.7 Thermal Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 8.8 Others Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

9 . GLOBAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET ANALYSIS BY INSTALLATION

  • 9.1 Overview by Installation
  • 9.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 9.3 Analysis by Installation
  • 9.4 OEM Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 9.5 Aftermarket Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

10 . GLOBAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET ANALYSIS BY VOLTAGE

  • 10.1 Overview by Voltage
  • 10.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 10.3 Analysis by Voltage
  • 10.4 Less Than 12V Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 10.5 12-24V Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 10.6 More Than 24V Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

11 . GLOBAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET ANALYSIS BY POWER DENSITY

  • 11.1 Overview by Power Density
  • 11.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 11.3 Analysis by Power Density
  • 11.4 Less Than 100 Wh/Kg Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 11.5 100-200 Wh/Kg Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 11.6 More Than 200 Wh/Kg Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

12 . GLOBAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET SALES ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 12.1. Regional Outlook
  • 12.2. Introduction
  • 12.3. North America Sales Analysis
    • 12.3.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 12.3.2. North America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 12.3.3. North America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 12.3.4. United State Sales Analysis
    • 12.3.5. Canada Sales Analysis
    • 12.3.6. Mexico Sales Analysis
  • 12.4. Europe Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.2. Europe by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.3. Europe by Country Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.4. United Kingdom Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.5. France Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.6. Germany Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.7. Italy Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.8. Russia Sales Analysis
    • 12.4.9. Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
  • 12.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.2. Asia Pacific by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.3. Asia Pacific by Country Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.4. China Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.5. India Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.6. Japan Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.7. South Korea Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.8. Australia Sales Analysis
    • 12.5.9. Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 12.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
    • 12.6.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 12.6.2. Latin America by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 12.6.3. Latin America by Country Sales Analysis
    • 12.6.4. Brazil Sales Analysis
    • 12.6.5. Argentina Sales Analysis
    • 12.6.6. Peru Sales Analysis
    • 12.6.7. Chile Sales Analysis
    • 12.6.8. Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 12.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
    • 12.7.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 12.7.2. Middle East & Africa by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 12.7.3. Middle East & Africa by Country Sales Analysis
    • 12.7.4. Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
    • 12.7.5. UAE Sales Analysis
    • 12.7.6. Israel Sales Analysis
    • 12.7.7. South Africa Sales Analysis
    • 12.7.8. Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

13 . COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE MILITARY BATTERY COMPANIES

  • 13.1. Military Battery Market Competition
  • 13.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • 13.3. Merger And Acquisitions
  • 13.4. New Product Launch
  • 13.5. Other Developments

14 . COMPANY PROFILES OF MILITARY BATTERY INDUSTRY

  • 14.1. Top Company Share Analysis
  • 14.2. Market Concentration Rate
  • 14.3. EnerSys (US)
    • 14.3.1. Company Overview
    • 14.3.2. Company Revenue
    • 14.3.3. Products
    • 14.3.4. Recent Developments
  • 14.4. GS Yuasa International Ltd (Japan)
    • 14.4.1. Company Overview
    • 14.4.2. Company Revenue
    • 14.4.3. Products
    • 14.4.4. Recent Developments
  • 14.5. Saft (France)
    • 14.5.1. Company Overview
    • 14.5.2. Company Revenue
    • 14.5.3. Products
    • 14.5.4. Recent Developments
  • 14.6. Exide Industries (India)
    • 14.6.1. Company Overview
    • 14.6.2. Company Revenue
    • 14.6.3. Products
    • 14.6.4. Recent Developments
  • 14.7. EaglePicher Technologies (US)
    • 14.7.1. Company Overview
    • 14.7.2. Company Revenue
    • 14.7.3. Products
    • 14.7.4. Recent Developments

Note - in company profiling, financial details and recent development are subject to availability or might not be covered in case of private companies

LIST OF TABLES

  • Market Snapshot
  • Drivers : Impact Analysis
  • Restraints : Impact Analysis
  • List of Raw Material
  • List of Raw Material Manufactures
  • List of Potential Buyers
  • Analysis by Platform (USD MN)
  • Ground Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Airborne Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Marine Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Analysis Market by Type (USD MN)
  • Non-rechargeable Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Rechargeable Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Propulsion Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Non-propulsion Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Analysis by Composition (USD MN)
  • Rotary Lithium-based Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Lead-acid Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Nickel-based Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Thermal Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Analysis by Installation (USD MN)
  • OEM Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Aftermarket Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Analysis by Voltage (USD MN)
  • Less Than 12V Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • 12-24V Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • More Than 24V Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Analysis by Power Density (USD MN)
  • Less Than 100 Wh/Kg Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • 100-200 Wh/Kg Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • More Than 200 Wh/Kg Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Military Battery Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • North America Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • United State Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Canada Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Mexico Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Europe Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Europe Market Estimate by Country (USD MN)
  • United Kingdom Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • France Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Germany Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Italy Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Russia Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Spain Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Rest of Europe Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • China Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Japan Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • India Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • South Korea Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Australia Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Brazil Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Argentina Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Peru Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Chile Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • UAE Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Israel Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • South Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • Mergers And Acquisiton

LIST OF FIGURES

  • Research Scope of Military Battery Report
  • Market Research Process
  • Market Research Methodology
  • Global Military Battery Market Size, by Region (USD MN)
  • Porters Five Forces Analysis
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Platform
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Type
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Composition
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Installation
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Voltage
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Power Density
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region
  • Value Chain Analysis
  • Global Market Analysis by Platform (USD MN)
  • Ground Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Airborne Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Marine Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis by Type (USD MN)
  • Non-rechargeable Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Rechargeable Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Propulsion Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Non-propulsion Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis by Composition (USD MN)
  • Rotary Lithium-based Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Lead-acid Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Nickel-based Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Thermal Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis by Installation (USD MN)
  • OEM Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Aftermarket Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis by Voltage (USD MN)
  • Less Than 12V Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • 12-24V Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • More Than 24V Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis by Power Density (USD MN)
  • Less Than 100 Wh/Kg Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • 100-200 Wh/Kg Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • More Than 200 Wh/Kg Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Market by Revenue
  • North America Market by Revenue
  • Europe Market by Revenue
  • Asia Pacific Market by Revenue
  • Latin America Market by Revenue
  • Middle East & Africa Market by Revenue
  • Recent Development in Industry
  • Top Company Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.