全球碳清潔機市場研究報告 - 2024 年至 2032 年產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢和預測

預計到2032年，全球碳清潔機市場的市場規模將從2023年的2.6284億美元達到近3.7152億美元，2024-2032年研究期間的複合年成長率為3.92%。

積炭清潔機可去除內燃機中的積碳。這些機器利用氫氣噴射或化學清潔等方法，幫助恢復引擎性能、提高燃油效率並減少排放。定期清潔機可以延長引擎壽命並保持最佳運行，使其成為汽車維護的寶貴工具。

市場動態

碳清潔機市場主要是由人們對車輛維護意識的不斷增強以及減少有害排放的需求所推動的。隨著世界各國政府執行更嚴格的環境法規，對減少引擎積碳的有效解決方案的需求激增。積炭清潔機對於維持引擎性能、提高燃油效率和降低排放至關重要。道路上車輛數量的增加以及消費者對定期引擎維護的好處的認知不斷提高，顯著促進了市場的成長。汽車產業向永續發展的轉變和綠色技術的推廣也促進了市場的成長。

此外，越來越多的汽車服務中心和車間提供碳清潔服務，支援了對這些機器的需求。攜帶式和方便用戶使用的碳清潔機的開發使小型服務提供者和個人車主更容易採用該技術。然而，向不需要碳清潔的電動車過渡可能會對未來幾年的市場成長構成挑戰。

研究報告涵蓋波特五力模型、市場吸引力分析和價值鏈分析。這些工具有助於清晰地了解行業結構並評估全球範圍內的競爭吸引力。此外，這些工具還對全球碳清潔機市場的每個細分市場進行了包容性評估。碳清洗機產業的成長和趨勢為本研究提供了整體方法。

市場區隔

碳清潔機市場報告的這一部分提供了國家和地區層面細分市場的詳細資料，從而幫助戰略家確定相應產品或服務的目標人群以及即將到來的機會。

按類型

• 氫基碳清洗機
• 氫氧碳清洗機

按車型分類

• 汽車（轎車、貨車、卡車、其他（貨車等））
• 船舶（船舶、小船、其他（船舶））
• 航空車輛（直升機、飛機、其他（噴射機、工程車輛等））

按容量分類

• 1kVA以下
• 1kVA - 2kVA
• 2KVA - 4KVA
• 4KVA以上

按配銷通路

• 直銷
• 間接銷售

區域分析

本節涵蓋區域前景，重點介紹北美、歐洲、亞太地區、拉丁美洲以及中東和非洲碳清潔機市場當前和未來的需求。此外，該報告重點關注所有主要地區各個應用領域的需求、估計和預測。

該研究報告還涵蓋了市場主要參與者的全面概況以及對全球競爭格局的深入了解。碳清洗機市場的主要參與者包括Dayel、深圳奧圖爾科技有限公司、奧凱能源設備有限公司、湖南世春新能源有限公司。例如關鍵併購、未來產能、合作夥伴關係、財務概況、合作、新產品開發、新產品發布和其他發展。

如果您有任何客製化要求，請寫信給我們。我們的研究團隊可以根據您的需求提供客製化報告。

目錄

第1章：前言

• 報告說明
  • 客觀的
  • 目標受眾
  • 獨特的銷售主張 (USP) 和產品
• 研究範圍
• 研究方法論
  • 市場研究過程
  • 市場研究方法論

第 2 章：執行摘要

• 市場亮點
• 全球市場概況

第 3 章：碳清洗機 - 產業分析

• 簡介 - 市場動態
• 市場促進因素
• 市場限制
• 機會
• 產業動態
• 波特五力分析
• 市場吸引力分析
  • 按類型分類的市場吸引力分析
  • 按車型分類的市場吸引力分析
  • 按容量分類的市場吸引力分析
  • 按配銷通路分類的市場吸引力分析
  • 市場吸引力分析：按地區

第 4 章：價值鏈分析

• 價值鏈分析
• 原料分析
  • 原料清單
  • 原料廠商清單
  • 主要原物料價格走勢
• 潛在買家名單
• 行銷管道
  • 直效行銷
  • 間接行銷
  • 行銷通路發展趨勢

第 5 章：全球碳清潔機市場分析：按類型

• 按類型概述
• 歷史和預測數據
• 按類型分析
• 氫基碳清洗機
• 氫氧碳清洗機

第 6 章：全球碳清潔機市場分析：依車輛類型

• 按車輛類型分類的概述
• 歷史和預測數據
• 按車型分析
• 汽車（轎車、貨車、卡車、其他（貨車等））
• 船舶（船舶、小船、其他（船舶））
• 航空車輛（直升機、飛機、其他（噴射機、工程車輛等））

第 7 章：全球碳清洗機市場分析：按產能

• 按產能概覽
• 歷史和預測數據
• 按容量分析
• 1kVA以下
• 1kVA - 2kVA
• 2KVA - 4KVA
• 4KVA以上

第 8 章：全球碳清洗機市場分析：按分銷管道

• 配銷通路概覽
• 歷史和預測數據
• 按配銷通路分析
• 直銷
• 間接銷售

第 9 章：全球碳清潔機市場分析：依地理位置

• 區域展望
• 介紹
• 北美銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 北美按細分市場銷售分析
  • 北美按國家銷售分析
  • 美國銷售分析
  • 加拿大銷售分析
  • 墨西哥銷售分析
• 歐洲銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 歐洲按細分市場銷售分析
  • 歐洲按國家銷售分析
  • 英國銷售分析
  • 法國銷售分析
  • 德國銷售分析
  • 義大利銷售分析
  • 俄羅斯銷售分析
  • 歐洲其他地區銷售分析
• 亞太地區銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 亞太地區按細分市場銷售分析
  • 亞太地區按國家銷售分析
  • 中國銷售分析
  • 印度銷售分析
  • 日本銷售分析
  • 韓國銷售分析
  • 澳洲銷售分析
  • 東南亞銷售分析
  • 亞太地區其他地區銷售分析
• 拉丁美洲銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲按細分市場銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲按國家銷售分析
  • 巴西銷售分析
  • 阿根廷銷售分析
  • 秘魯銷售分析
  • 智利銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲其他地區銷售分析
• 中東和非洲銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 中東和非洲按細分市場銷售分析
  • 中東和非洲按國家銷售分析
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯銷售分析
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國銷售分析
  • 以色列銷售分析
  • 南非銷售分析
  • 中東其他地區和非洲銷售分析

第 10 章：碳清洗機公司的競爭格局

• 碳清洗機市場競爭
• 夥伴關係/協作/協議
• 併購
• 新產品發布
• 其他發展

第 11 章：公司簡介

• 頂級公司市佔率分析
• 市場集中度
• Dayel
• 公司簡介
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最近的發展
• Shenzhen Autool Technology Co. Ltd.
• 公司簡介
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最近的發展
• Okay Energy Equipment Co. Ltd.
• 公司簡介
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最近的發展
• Hunan Shichun New Energy Co. Ltd
• 公司簡介
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最近的發展

註 - 在公司概況中，財務詳細資料和最新進展視情況而定，或對私人公司而言可能不包括在內

The global demand for Carbon Cleaning Machine Market is presumed to reach the market size of nearly USD 371.52 Million by 2032 from USD 262.84 Million in 2023 with a CAGR of 3.92% under the study period 2024-2032.

A carbon cleaning machine removes carbon deposits from internal combustion engines. Utilizing methods like hydrogen gas injection or chemical cleaning, these machines help restore engine performance, improve fuel efficiency, and reduce emissions. Regular cleaning machines can extend engine life and maintain optimal operation, making them valuable tools for automotive maintenance.

MARKET DYNAMICS

The carbon cleaning machine market is primarily driven by the growing awareness about vehicle maintenance and the need to reduce harmful emissions. As governments worldwide enforce stricter environmental regulations, the demand for efficient solutions to minimize engine carbon build-up has surged. Carbon cleaning machines are crucial in maintaining engine performance, enhancing fuel efficiency, and lowering emissions. The rising number of vehicles on the road and increased consumer awareness about the benefits of regular engine maintenance significantly boost the market growth. The automotive industry's shift towards sustainability and the promotion of green technologies also contribute to the market growth.

Additionally, the increasing number of automotive service centers and workshops offering carbon cleaning services supports the demand for these machines. The development of portable and user-friendly carbon-cleaning machines has made it easier for small service providers and individual vehicle owners to adopt this technology. However, the transition to electric vehicles, which do not require carbon cleaning, may challenge the market growth in the coming years.

The research report covers Porter's Five Forces Model, Market Attractiveness Analysis, and Value Chain analysis. These tools help to get a clear picture of the industry's structure and evaluate the competition attractiveness at a global level. Additionally, these tools also give an inclusive assessment of each segment in the global market of Carbon Cleaning Machine. The growth and trends of Carbon Cleaning Machine industry provide a holistic approach to this study.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

This section of the Carbon Cleaning Machine market report provides detailed data on the segments at country and regional level, thereby assisting the strategist in identifying the target demographics for the respective product or services with the upcoming opportunities.

By Type

• Hydrogen-based Carbon Cleaning Machine
• Oxy-hydrogen Carbon Cleaning Machine

By Vehicle Type

• Automotive Vehicle (Car, Van, Truck, Others (Lorry, etc.))
• Marine Vehicle (Ship, Boat, Others (Marine Vessel))
• Aviation Vehicle (Helicopter, Airplane, Others (Jet, Construction Vehicle, etc.))

By Capacity

• Below 1 kVA
• 1 kVA - 2 kVA
• 2 KVA - 4 KVA
• Above 4KVA

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Indirect Sales

REGIONAL ANALYSIS

This section covers the regional outlook, which accentuates current and future demand for the Carbon Cleaning Machine market across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Further, the report focuses on demand, estimation, and forecast for individual application segments across all the prominent regions.

The research report also covers the comprehensive profiles of the key players in the market and an in-depth view of the competitive landscape worldwide. The major players in the Carbon Cleaning Machine market include Dayel, Shenzhen Autool Technology Co. Ltd., Okay Energy Equipment Co. Ltd., Hunan Shichun New Energy Co. Ltd. This section consists of a holistic view of the competitive landscape that includes various strategic developments such as key mergers & acquisitions, future capacities, partnerships, financial overviews, collaborations, new product developments, new product launches, and other developments.

In case you have any custom requirements, do write to us. Our research team can offer a customized report as per your need.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

• 1.1. Report Description
  • 1.1.1 Objective
  • 1.1.2 Target Audience
  • 1.1.3 Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
• 1.2. Research Scope
• 1.3. Research Methodology
  • 1.3.1 Market Research Process
  • 1.3.2 Market Research Methodology

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 2.1. Highlights of Market
• 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3. CARBON CLEANING MACHINE - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

• 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
• 3.2. Market Drivers
• 3.3. Market Restraints
• 3.4. Opportunities
• 3.5. Industry Trends
• 3.6. Porter's Five Force Analysis
• 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
  • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
  • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Vehicle Type
  • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Capacity
  • 3.7.4 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Distribution Channel
  • 3.7.5 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

• 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
• 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
  • 4.2.1 List of Raw Materials
  • 4.2.2 Raw Material Manufactures List
  • 4.2.3 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
• 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
• 4.4. Marketing Channel
  • 4.4.1 Direct Marketing
  • 4.4.2 Indirect Marketing
  • 4.4.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

5. GLOBAL CARBON CLEANING MACHINE MARKET ANALYSIS BY TYPE

• 5.1. Overview By Type
• 5.2. Historical and Forecast Data
• 5.3. Analysis By Type
• 5.4. Hydrogen-based Carbon Cleaning Machine Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 5.5. Oxy-hydrogen Carbon Cleaning Machine Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

6. GLOBAL CARBON CLEANING MACHINE MARKET ANALYSIS BY VEHICLE TYPE

• 6.1. Overview By Vehicle Type
• 6.2. Historical and Forecast Data
• 6.3. Analysis By Vehicle Type
• 6.4. Automotive Vehicle (Car, Van, Truck, Others (Lorry, etc.)) Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 6.5. Marine Vehicle (Ship, Boat, Others (Marine Vessel)) Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 6.6. Aviation Vehicle (Helicopter, Airplane, Others (Jet, Construction Vehicle, etc.)) Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

7. GLOBAL CARBON CLEANING MACHINE MARKET ANALYSIS BY CAPACITY

• 7.1. Overview By Capacity
• 7.2. Historical and Forecast Data
• 7.3. Analysis By Capacity
• 7.4. Below 1 kVA Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.5. 1 kVA - 2 kVA Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.6. 2 KVA - 4 KVA Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.7. Above 4KVA Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

8. GLOBAL CARBON CLEANING MACHINE MARKET ANALYSIS BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL

• 8.1. Overview By Distribution Channel
• 8.2. Historical and Forecast Data
• 8.3. Analysis By Distribution Channel
• 8.4. Direct Sales Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 8.5. Indirect Sales Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

9. GLOBAL CARBON CLEANING MACHINE MARKET ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

• 9.1. Regional Outlook
• 9.2. Introduction
• 9.3. North America Sales Analysis
  • 9.3.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 9.3.2 North America By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 9.3.3 North America By Country Sales Analysis
  • 9.3.4 United States Sales Analysis
  • 9.3.5 Canada Sales Analysis
  • 9.3.6 Mexico Sales Analysis
• 9.4. Europe Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.2 Europe By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.3 Europe By Country Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.4 United Kingdom Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.5 France Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.6 Germany Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.7 Italy Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.8 Russia Sales Analysis
  • 9.4.9 Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
• 9.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.2 Asia Pacific By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.3 Asia Pacific By Country Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.4 China Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.5 India Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.6 Japan Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.7 South Korea Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.8 Australia Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.9 South East Asia Sales Analysis
  • 9.5.10 Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
• 9.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 9.6.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 9.6.2 Latin America By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 9.6.3 Latin America By Country Sales Analysis
  • 9.6.4 Brazil Sales Analysis
  • 9.6.5 Argentina Sales Analysis
  • 9.6.6 Peru Sales Analysis
  • 9.6.7 Chile Sales Analysis
  • 9.6.8 Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
• 9.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
  • 9.7.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 9.7.2 Middle East & Africa By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 9.7.3 Middle East & Africa By Country Sales Analysis
  • 9.7.4 Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
  • 9.7.5 UAE Sales Analysis
  • 9.7.6 Israel Sales Analysis
  • 9.7.7 South Africa Sales Analysis
  • 9.7.8 Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

10. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE CARBON CLEANING MACHINE COMPANIES

• 10.1. Carbon Cleaning Machine Market Competition
• 10.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
• 10.3. Merger And Acquisitions
• 10.4. New Product Launch
• 10.5. Other Developments

11. COMPANY PROFILES OF CARBON CLEANING MACHINE INDUSTRY

• 11.1. Top Companies Market Share Analysis
• 11.2. Market Concentration Rate
• 11.3. Dayel
  • 11.3.1 Company Overview
  • 11.3.2 Company Revenue
  • 11.3.3 Products
  • 11.3.4 Recent Developments
• 11.4. Shenzhen Autool Technology Co. Ltd.
  • 11.4.1 Company Overview
  • 11.4.2 Company Revenue
  • 11.4.3 Products
  • 11.4.4 Recent Developments
• 11.5. Okay Energy Equipment Co. Ltd.
  • 11.5.1 Company Overview
  • 11.5.2 Company Revenue
  • 11.5.3 Products
  • 11.5.4 Recent Developments
• 11.6. Hunan Shichun New Energy Co. Ltd
  • 11.6.1 Company Overview
  • 11.6.2 Company Revenue
  • 11.6.3 Products
  • 11.6.4 Recent Developments

Note - In company profiling, financial details and recent developments are subject to availability or might not be covered in the case of private companies

LIST OF TABLES

• Market Snapshot
• Drivers: Impact Analysis
• Restraints: Impact Analysis
• List of Raw Material
• List of Raw Material Manufactures
• Analysis By Type (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Hydrogen-based Carbon Cleaning Machine Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Oxy-hydrogen Carbon Cleaning Machine Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Analysis By Vehicle Type (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Automotive Vehicle (Car, Van, Truck, Others (Lorry, etc.)) Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Marine Vehicle (Ship, Boat, Others (Marine Vessel)) Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Aviation Vehicle (Helicopter, Airplane, Others (Jet, Construction Vehicle, etc.)) Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Analysis By Capacity (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Below 1 kVA Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• 1 kVA - 2 kVA Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• 2 KVA - 4 KVA Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Above 4KVA Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Analysis By Distribution Channel (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Direct Sales Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Indirect Sales Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Global Carbon Cleaning Machine Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• North America Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• United States Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Canada Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Mexico Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Europe Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Europe Market Estimate By Country (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• United Kingdom Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• France Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Germany Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Italy Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Russia Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Spain Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Rest of Europe Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• China Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Japan Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• India Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• South Korea Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Australia Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• South East Asia Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Latin America Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Brazil Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Argentina Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Peru Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Chile Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• UAE Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Israel Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• South Africa Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
• Mergers And Acquisition

LIST OF FIGURES

• Research Scope of Carbon Cleaning Machine Report
• Market Research Process
• Market Research Methodology
• Global Carbon Cleaning Machine Market Size, By Region (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Porters Five Forces Analysis
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Vehicle Type
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Capacity
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Distribution Channel
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
• Value Chain Analysis
• Global Market Analysis By Type (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Hydrogen-based Carbon Cleaning Machine Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Oxy-hydrogen Carbon Cleaning Machine Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Global Market Analysis By Vehicle Type (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Automotive Vehicle (Car, Van, Truck, Others (Lorry, etc.)) Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Marine Vehicle (Ship, Boat, Others (Marine Vessel)) Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Aviation Vehicle (Helicopter, Airplane, Others (Jet, Construction Vehicle, etc.)) Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Global Market Analysis By Capacity (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Below 1 kVA Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• 1 kVA - 2 kVA Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• 2 KVA - 4 KVA Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Above 4KVA Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Global Market Analysis By Distribution Channel (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Direct Sales Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Indirect Sales Market Sales By Geography (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Global Market Sales (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• North America Market Sales (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Europe Market Sales (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Asia Pacific Market Sales (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Latin America Market Sales (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Middle East & Africa Market Sales (Thousand Units and USD MN)
• Recent Development in Industry
• Top Company Market Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.