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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1578332

全球精油市場研究報告 - 2024 年至 2032 年產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢和預測

Global Essential Oil Market Research Report - Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2024 to 2032

出版日期: | 出版商: Value Market Research | 英文 128 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格

全球精油市場需求預計將從 2023 年的 221.2 億美元達到 2032 年近 447.4 億美元的市場規模,2024-2032 年研究期間複合年成長率為 8.14%。

精油是透過蒸汽和水蒸餾等蒸餾過程從各種草藥和植物中提取的。這種精油含有揮發性芳香化合物和其來源植物的原始精華。它們主要用於食品和飲料、藥品、化妝品和盥洗用品。

市場動態

食品和飲料行業需求的成長是推動市場成長的主要因素。此外,化妝品和盥洗用品以及芳香療法的應用不斷增加是推動市場成長的另一個主要因素。此外,消費者對風味食品和飲料偏好的改變再次推動了市場的成長。此外,製藥需求的成長可能為市場提供新的成長機會。

研究報告涵蓋波特五力模型、市場吸引力分析和價值鏈分析。這些工具有助於清晰地了解行業結構並評估全球範圍內的競爭吸引力。此外,這些工具還對全球精油市場的每個細分市場進行了包容性評估。精油產業的成長和趨勢為本研究提供了整體方法。

市場區隔

精油市場報告的這一部分提供了國家和地區層面細分市場的詳細資料,從而幫助策略師確定相應產品或服務的目標人口統計數據以及即將到來的機會。

按產品分類

  • 柑橘油
  • 尤加利油
  • 丁香油
  • 薄荷油
  • 羅勒油
  • 玉米薄荷油
  • 留蘭香油
  • 茶樹油
  • 其他

按申請

  • 食品和飲料
  • 藥品
  • 化妝品及盥洗用品
  • 芳香療法
  • 居家護理產品
  • 香水
  • 其他

區域分析

本節涵蓋區域前景,重點介紹北美、歐洲、亞太地區、拉丁美洲以及中東和非洲精油市場當前和未來的需求。此外,該報告重點關注所有主要地區各個應用領域的需求、估計和預測。

該研究報告還涵蓋了市場主要參與者的全面概況以及對全球競爭格局的深入了解。精油市場的主要參與者包括 Givaudan SA、Young Living Essential Oils、Biolandes SAS、Robertet SA、Sensient Essential Oils、Essential Oils Of New Zealand、DoTerra、Veda Oils、AG Industries、Bo International 等。本節包含競爭格局的整體視圖,包括各種策略發展,例如關鍵併購、未來產能、合作夥伴關係、財務概況、合作、新產品開發、新產品發布和其他發展。

如果您有任何客製化要求,請寫信給我們。我們的研究團隊可以根據您的需求提供客製化報告。

目錄

第1章:前言

  • 報告說明
    • 客觀的
    • 目標受眾
    • 獨特的銷售主張 (USP) 和產品
  • 研究範圍
  • 研究方法
    • 市場研究過程
    • 市場研究方法論

第 2 章:執行摘要

  • 市場亮點
  • 全球市場概況

第 3 章:精油 - 產業分析

  • 簡介 - 市場動態
  • 市場促進因素
  • 市場限制
  • 機會
  • 產業動態
  • 波特五力分析
  • 市場吸引力分析
    • 按產品分類的市場吸引力分析
    • 市場吸引力分析:依應用分類
    • 市場吸引力分析:按地區

第 4 章:價值鏈分析

  • 價值鏈分析
  • 原料分析
    • 原料清單
    • 原料廠商清單
    • 主要原物料價格走勢
  • 潛在買家名單
  • 行銷管道
    • 直效行銷
    • 間接行銷
    • 行銷通路發展趨勢

第 5 章:全球精油市場分析:按產品

  • 概述(按產品)
  • 按產品分類的歷史和預測資料分析
  • 柑橘油
  • 尤加利油
  • 丁香油
  • 薄荷油
  • 羅勒油
  • 玉米薄荷油
  • 留蘭香油
  • 茶樹油
  • 其他

第 6 章:全球精油市場分析:依應用分類

  • 概述:按應用
  • 歷史和預測數據分析:按應用
  • 食品和飲料
  • 藥品
  • 化妝品及盥洗用品
  • 芳香療法
  • 居家護理產品
  • 香水
  • 其他

第 7 章:全球精油市場分析:依地理位置

  • 區域展望
  • 介紹
  • 北美銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 北美按細分市場銷售分析
    • 北美按國家銷售分析
    • 美國銷售分析
    • 加拿大銷售分析
    • 墨西哥銷售分析
  • 歐洲銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 歐洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 歐洲按國家銷售分析
    • 英國銷售分析
    • 法國銷售分析
    • 德國銷售分析
    • 義大利銷售分析
    • 俄羅斯銷售分析
    • 歐洲其他地區銷售分析
  • 亞太地區銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 亞太地區按細分市場銷售分析
    • 亞太地區按國家銷售分析
    • 中國銷售分析
    • 印度銷售分析
    • 日本銷售分析
    • 韓國銷售分析
    • 澳洲銷售分析
    • 東南亞銷售分析
    • 亞太地區其他地區銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按國家銷售分析
    • 巴西銷售分析
    • 阿根廷銷售分析
    • 秘魯銷售分析
    • 智利銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲其他地區銷售分析
  • 中東和非洲銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 中東和非洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 中東和非洲按國家銷售分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯銷售分析
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國銷售分析
    • 以色列銷售分析
    • 南非銷售分析
    • 中東其他地區和非洲銷售分析

第 8 章:精油公司的競爭格局

  • 精油市場競爭
  • 夥伴關係/協作/協議
  • 併購
  • 新產品發布
  • 其他發展

第 9 章:公司簡介

  • 頂級公司市佔率分析
  • 市場集中度
  • Givaudan SA
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Young Living Essential Oils
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Biolandes SAS
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Robertet SA
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Sensient Essential Oils
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Essential Oils Of New Zealand
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • DoTerra
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Veda Oils
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • AG Industries
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Bo International
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • 其他
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態

註 - 在公司概況中,財務詳細資料和最新進展視情況而定,或對私人公司而言可能不包括在內

Product Code: VMR11210109

The global demand for Essential Oil Market is presumed to reach the market size of nearly USD 44.74 Billion by 2032 from USD 22.12 Billion in 2023 with a CAGR of 8.14% under the study period 2024-2032.

The essential oil is extracted from various herbs and plants by distillation processes such as steam and water distillation. This essential oil contains volatile aroma compounds and original essence of the plant from which it is derived. They are basically used in food items and beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and toiletries products.

MARKET DYNAMICS

Growing demand from the food and beverage industry is the major factor driving the market growth. Also, rising application across cosmetics and toiletries and aromatherapy for the fragrant product is another major factor boosting the market growth. Further, changing consumer preferences towards flavored food products and beverages is again propelling the market growth. Additionally, growing demand from pharmaceutical is likely to offer new opportunity growth to the market.

The research report covers Porter's Five Forces Model, Market Attractiveness Analysis, and Value Chain analysis. These tools help to get a clear picture of the industry's structure and evaluate the competition attractiveness at a global level. Additionally, these tools also give an inclusive assessment of each segment in the global market of Essential Oil. The growth and trends of Essential Oil industry provide a holistic approach to this study.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

This section of the Essential Oil market report provides detailed data on the segments at country and regional level, thereby assisting the strategist in identifying the target demographics for the respective product or services with the upcoming opportunities.

By Product

  • Citrus Oil
  • Eucalyptus Oil
  • Clove Oil
  • Peppermint Oil
  • Basil Oil
  • Cornmint Oil
  • Spearmint Oil
  • Tea Tree Oil
  • Others

By Application

  • Food & Beverages
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Cosmetics & Toiletries
  • Aromatherapy
  • Homecare Products
  • Fragrances
  • Others

REGIONAL ANALYSIS

This section covers the regional outlook, which accentuates current and future demand for the Essential Oil market across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Further, the report focuses on demand, estimation, and forecast for individual application segments across all the prominent regions.

The research report also covers the comprehensive profiles of the key players in the market and an in-depth view of the competitive landscape worldwide. The major players in the Essential Oil market include Givaudan SA, Young Living Essential Oils, Biolandes SAS, Robertet SA, Sensient Essential Oils, Essential Oils Of New Zealand, DoTerra, Veda Oils, AG Industries, Bo International, Others. This section consists of a holistic view of the competitive landscape that includes various strategic developments such as key mergers & acquisitions, future capacities, partnerships, financial overviews, collaborations, new product developments, new product launches, and other developments.

In case you have any custom requirements, do write to us. Our research team can offer a customized report as per your need.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

  • 1.1. Report Description
    • 1.1.1 Objective
    • 1.1.2 Target Audience
    • 1.1.3 Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
  • 1.2. Research Scope
  • 1.3. Research Methodology
    • 1.3.1 Market Research Process
    • 1.3.2 Market Research Methodology

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 2.1. Highlights of Market
  • 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3. ESSENTIAL OIL - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

  • 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
  • 3.2. Market Drivers
  • 3.3. Market Restraints
  • 3.4. Opportunities
  • 3.5. Industry Trends
  • 3.6. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product
    • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
    • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

  • 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
  • 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
    • 4.2.1 List of Raw Materials
    • 4.2.2 Raw Material Manufactures List
    • 4.2.3 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  • 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
  • 4.4. Marketing Channel
    • 4.4.1 Direct Marketing
    • 4.4.2 Indirect Marketing
    • 4.4.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

5. GLOBAL ESSENTIAL OIL MARKET ANALYSIS BY PRODUCT

  • 5.1. Overview By Product
  • 5.2. Historical and Forecast Data Analysis By Product
  • 5.3. Citrus Oil Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.4. Eucalyptus Oil Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.5. Clove Oil Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.6. Peppermint Oil Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.7. Basil Oil Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.8. Cornmint Oil Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.9. Spearmint Oil Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.10. Tea Tree Oil Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.11. Others Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

6. GLOBAL ESSENTIAL OIL MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

  • 6.1. Overview By Application
  • 6.2. Historical and Forecast Data Analysis By Application
  • 6.3. Food & Beverages Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.4. Pharmaceuticals Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.5. Cosmetics & Toiletries Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.6. Aromatherapy Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.7. Homecare Products Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.8. Fragrances Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.9. Others Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

7. GLOBAL ESSENTIAL OIL MARKET ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 7.1. Regional Outlook
  • 7.2. Introduction
  • 7.3. North America Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.2 North America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.3 North America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.4 United States Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.5 Canada Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.6 Mexico Sales Analysis
  • 7.4. Europe Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.2 Europe By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.3 Europe By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.4 United Kingdom Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.5 France Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.6 Germany Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.7 Italy Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.8 Russia Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.9 Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
  • 7.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.2 Asia Pacific By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.3 Asia Pacific By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.4 China Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.5 India Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.6 Japan Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.7 South Korea Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.8 Australia Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.9 South East Asia Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.10 Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 7.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.2 Latin America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.3 Latin America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.4 Brazil Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.5 Argentina Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.6 Peru Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.7 Chile Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.8 Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 7.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.2 Middle East & Africa By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.3 Middle East & Africa By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.4 Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.5 UAE Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.6 Israel Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.7 South Africa Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.8 Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

8. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPANIES

  • 8.1. Essential Oil Market Competition
  • 8.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • 8.3. Merger And Acquisitions
  • 8.4. New Product Launch
  • 8.5. Other Developments

9. COMPANY PROFILES OF ESSENTIAL OIL INDUSTRY

  • 9.1. Top Companies Market Share Analysis
  • 9.2. Market Concentration Rate
  • 9.3. Givaudan SA
    • 9.3.1 Company Overview
    • 9.3.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.3.3 Products
    • 9.3.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.4. Young Living Essential Oils
    • 9.4.1 Company Overview
    • 9.4.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.4.3 Products
    • 9.4.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.5. Biolandes SAS
    • 9.5.1 Company Overview
    • 9.5.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.5.3 Products
    • 9.5.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.6. Robertet SA
    • 9.6.1 Company Overview
    • 9.6.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.6.3 Products
    • 9.6.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.7. Sensient Essential Oils
    • 9.7.1 Company Overview
    • 9.7.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.7.3 Products
    • 9.7.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.8. Essential Oils Of New Zealand
    • 9.8.1 Company Overview
    • 9.8.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.8.3 Products
    • 9.8.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.9. DoTerra
    • 9.9.1 Company Overview
    • 9.9.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.9.3 Products
    • 9.9.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.10. Veda Oils
    • 9.10.1 Company Overview
    • 9.10.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.10.3 Products
    • 9.10.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.11. AG Industries
    • 9.11.1 Company Overview
    • 9.11.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.11.3 Products
    • 9.11.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.12. Bo International
    • 9.12.1 Company Overview
    • 9.12.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.12.3 Products
    • 9.12.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.13. Others
    • 9.13.1 Company Overview
    • 9.13.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.13.3 Products
    • 9.13.4 Recent Developments

Note - In company profiling, financial details and recent developments are subject to availability or might not be covered in the case of private companies

LIST OF TABLES

  • Market Snapshot
  • Drivers: Impact Analysis
  • Restraints: Impact Analysis
  • List of Raw Material
  • List of Raw Material Manufactures
  • Analysis By Product (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Citrus Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Eucalyptus Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Clove Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Peppermint Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Basil Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Cornmint Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Spearmint Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Tea Tree Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Analysis By Application (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Food & Beverages Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Pharmaceuticals Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Cosmetics & Toiletries Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Aromatherapy Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Homecare Products Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Fragrances Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Essential Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • North America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • United States Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Canada Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Mexico Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Estimate By Country (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • United Kingdom Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • France Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Germany Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Italy Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Russia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Spain Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Europe Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • China Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Japan Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • India Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South Korea Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Australia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South East Asia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Brazil Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Argentina Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Peru Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Chile Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • UAE Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Israel Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • Mergers And Acquisition

LIST OF FIGURES

  • Research Scope of Essential Oil Report
  • Market Research Process
  • Market Research Methodology
  • Global Essential Oil Market Size, By Region (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Porters Five Forces Analysis
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
  • Value Chain Analysis
  • Global Market Analysis By Product (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Citrus Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Eucalyptus Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Clove Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Peppermint Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Basil Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Cornmint Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Spearmint Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Tea Tree Oil Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis By Application (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Food & Beverages Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Pharmaceuticals Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Cosmetics & Toiletries Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Aromatherapy Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Homecare Products Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Fragrances Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • North America Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Recent Development in Industry
  • Top Company Market Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.