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LDES（長期儲能）現況：28條市場、技術評估、路線圖與逃生路線（2025-2045）
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1572665

LDES（長期儲能）現況：28條市場、技術評估、路線圖與逃生路線（2025-2045）

Long Duration Energy Storage LDES Reality: Markets in 28 Lines, Technology Appraisals, Roadmaps, Escape Routes 2025-2045
出版日期: | 出版商: Zhar Research | 英文 560 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

本報告調查了全球LDES（長期儲能）市場，提供了主要LDES 技術的類型和概述、研究進展、當前的成功案例和未來的可能性、路線圖、SWOT 評估、技術比較參數表，技術類別、單位規模、地區等各種分類的市場預測等彙整資料。

目錄

第1章 執行摘要/概述

第2章 LDES的必要性及設計原則

  • 能源基礎知識
  • 透過快速降低成本加快進入再生能源領域
  • 太陽能的勝利與間歇性挑戰
  • LDES 繞行
  • LDES 定義與選項比較
  • 併網與離網 LDES 的各種需求
  • 重大專案/主要技術子集
  • LDES 障礙/替代方案/投資環境
  • LDES 工具包
  • 效能評估：依技術
  • 其他

第3章 LDES 與氫及其他化學中間體

  • 摘要
  • 化學中間體LDES的最佳點
  • 2025年和2024年將取得 53 項研究進展
  • LDES 中氫氣與甲烷和氨的比較
  • 氫氣 LDES 讀取器：Calistoga Resiliency Centre USA的48 小時氫氣 LDES
  • 計算發現氫將贏得最長期的 LDES
  • 礦業巨頭謹慎地尋求多種選擇
  • 建築物及其他小場所
  • 儲氫技術
  • LDES儲氫參數評估
  • SWOT 評估：LDES 中的氫、甲烷和氨

第4章 抽水發電：常規PHES（抽水發電儲能）

  • 概述：歷史、環境、三種類型、時間量程、候選地點、DOE 評估
  • 研究進展等
  • 世界計畫及其目標
  • 經濟
  • 政策建議
  • 常規抽水蓄能發電PHES參數評估
  • 傳統抽水蓄能發電PHES的SWOT評估

第5章 APHES（先進抽水蓄能）

  • 摘要
  • 研究進展
  • 地下加壓：Quidnet Energy USA
  • 瑞典礦山儲存
  • RheEnergise UK
  • 從海到陸使用 S-PHES 和海上水壩
  • StEnSea Germany、Ocean Grazer Netherlands：與其他水下 LDES 的比較
  • LDES水下儲能的SWOT評估
  • Cavern Energy USA
  • APHES SWOT 評估

第6章 CAES（壓縮空氣儲能）

  • 摘要
  • 供應不足吸引克隆
  • CAES 市場定位
  • CAES和LAES的參數評估
  • CAES 技術選項
  • CAES 製造商/專案/研究
    • 摘要
    • Siemens Energy Germany
    • MAN Energy Solutions Germany
    • 延長CAES的儲存時間與放電時間
    • 英國和歐盟的研究
  • 針對系統設計者和供應商的CAES 簡介和評估
    • ALCAES Switzerland
    • APEX CAES USA
    • Augwind Energy Israel
    • Cheesecake Energy UK
    • Corre Energy Netherlands
    • Gaelectric failure Ireland - lessons
    • Huaneng Group China
    • Hydrostor Canada
    • LiGE Pty South Africa
    • Storelectric UK
    • Terrastor Energy Corporation USA
  • LDES CAES：SWOT 評估

第7章 RFB（氧化還原液流電池）

  • 摘要
  • RFB 研究重點是 LDES
  • RFB LDES 計畫
  • LDES技術帶來勝利
  • 44 家 RFB 公司的比較
  • RFB技術
  • 針對每種材料的具體設計
  • RFB 製造商簡介
  • LDES RFB參數對照表

第8章 SGES（固態重力儲能）

  • 概覽和 IIASA、奧地利提案
  • LDES SGES 參數評估
  • ARES USA
  • Energy Vault Switzerland
  • Gravitricity UK
  • SinkFloat Solutions France
  • LDES SGES：SWOT 評估

第9章 ACCB（進階常規結構電池）

  • 摘要
  • ACCB 離網 LDES 的SWOT 評估
  • 8家ACCB製造商比較
  • 金屬空氣電池
  • 高溫電池
  • 金屬離子電池
  • 鎳氫電池
  • LDES ACCB 參數評估

第10章 LGES（液化氣體儲能）：液態空氣 LAES 或 CO2

  • 摘要
  • 液空氣 LDES
    • 技術
    • 研究進展
    • CGDG China
    • Highview Energy UK
    • Sumitomo Japan and China
    • Phelas Germany
    • LDES LAES 的SWOT 評估
    • LDES LAES參數對比
  • 液態二氧化碳 LDES

第11章 ETES（延遲供電熱能儲存）

  • 摘要
  • 研究進展
  • 失敗的教訓
  • 成功的熱機方法：Echogen USA
  • 利用極端溫度和光電轉換
    • Antora USA
    • Fourth Power USA
  • 一家工廠延遲供熱和延遲電力的銷售
    • 摘要
    • MGA Thermal Australia
    • Malta Inc Germany
  • LDES ETES：SWOT 評估
  • ETES參數評估
簡介目錄

Summary

The race is on. From your solar house to your grid power, increasingly solar is the winner with wind a close second globally, both needing storage of increasing delay as their percentages rise. For 2025-2045, Long Duration Energy Storage LDES has arrived meaning eight hours or more of subsequent discharge at full rated power. That compensates solar dead at night and where lithium-ion stationary storage becomes far too expensive.

An independent report is required, appraising the many technologies, current successes, potential and latest research. It must consider escape routes reducing LDES need and the realistic forecasts that result. Welcome the new 560 page, commercially-oriented Zhar Research report, "Long Duration Energy Storage LDES Reality: Markets in 28 Lines, Technology Appraisals, Roadmaps, Escape Routes 2025-2045" .

Primary author Dr Peter Harrop advises that providing LDES for your solar house is some way off, but LDES at MW to GW levels and 10-24 hours duration is a huge immediate demand. Projects and commitments already involve six very different LDES technologies, mostly off-grid or capable of being off-grid. Gigawatt LDES levels mostly serve grids using two other LDES technologies so far, both needing major earthworks, more to come. Vital questions are answered including:

  • LDES need after recognising escape routes such as nuclear, geological and ocean power with minimal intermittency, new wider grids spanning time and weather zones, hydrogen economy?
  • 2025-2045 forecast lines by size of unit, region, 11 technology categories plus roadmaps, SWOT appraisals, parameter tables?
  • Can grids be served with GWh LDES not needing large earthworks and delays? How? When?
  • Big differences between small, medium and large LDES. For example, beyond-grid purchasers need small footprint (high energy density or safely stackable), low up-front cost, but grid needs low levelised cost of storage.
  • Which technologies have the big advantage of adjusting power and capacity separately?
  • Big breakthrough: Which technologies will economically compensate both short-term demand changes and long-term supply changes with one unit?
  • Technologies ahead for small, medium and large power? For example, two very different types of underground water storage are being constructed as forms of Advanced Pumped Hydro Storage APHES. Watch iron redox flow batteries.
  • Detailed predictions: Levelised Cost of Storage, capital cost, duration, life, operating costs, safety, toxigen and precious metal issues.

The report is the most comprehensive and up-to-date. It mentions over 100 companies in 11 chapters with research advances, company progress through 2024, 19 SWOT appraisals. There are 7 technology comparisons (17 parameters).

The Executive Summary and Conclusions (30 pages) is sufficient in itself, with 20 key conclusions, new infograms, roadmaps and those 28 forecast lines 2025-2045. Chapter 2, "LDES need and design principles" (20 pages), covers energy basics, escape routes from LDES such as nuclear, geothermal and ocean power, vehicle-to grid and some grids now spanning many weather and time zones. Here the conclusion is that LDES will still be a massive market but perhaps half of what some vested interests predict. It then covers LDES needs and introduces the technologies.

Chapter 3. "Hydrogen and other chemical intermediary LDES" (53 pages) focuses almost entirely on hydrogen. The others are uneconomic . Even hydrogen is highly contentious with very strong opinions either way enabled by a lack of data. Will there be a hydrogen economy permitting marginal pricing? Will the small Energy Vault above-ground hydrogen LDES being erected tell us much about the optimal giant underground hydrogen LDES?

Chapter 4. "Pumped hydro: conventional PHES" (17 pages) describes how this traditional approach, three types, has long achieved LDES that also provides short term response and has life on 100 years or more. There are plenty of potential sites but few will be approved. See the latest parameter comparison, improvements ahead such as low carbon, stronger concrete, SWOT appraisal then move to the reinvention of pumped hydro for where there are no steep cliffs. Chapter 5. "Advanced pumped hydro APHES" explains how pumping water into sprung rocks underground and pumping saltwater into caverns underground are now yielding encouraging data. Interesting ideas such as pumping heavy liquid up mere hills and water into sub-sea bladders are seeking meaningful funding.

Chapter 6. "Compressed air CAES" is very important, being the only technology beyond pumped hydro that the US DOE 2024 report finds can drop to a levelised cost of storage of under $50/MWh by 2030, something the world needs with its headlong adoption of wind and solar. See ten CAES companies appraised, 2024 research, , SWOT, predictions in 63 pages.

Just behind CAES in cost reduction potential is redox flow batteries. Many companies move into LDES versions for some grid applications but mostly off-grid or capable of being off-grid. They have small footprint, safely stackable, no massive earthworks and potentially very long duration and life.

Chapter 7. "Redox flow batteries RFB" therefore takes138 pages to profile 44 RFB manufacturers and developer, give the usual appraisal of 17 parameters and SWOT report but also make sense of a flood of academic progress in 2024. Why are iron and hybrid versions rapidly gaining share but not competing? Performance potential in 2035 and 2045?

Chapter 8. Solid gravity energy storage SGES (26 pages) looks at Gravitricity lifting weights in mines but not promising LDES, various small experiments and ideas. Contrast Energy Vault licensing Chinese companies to make giant versions, later likely to be LDES. See SWOT, parameter comparisons, projections, possible issues such as high capital and maintenance cost but good things too.

Chapter 9. "Advanced conventional construction batteries ACCB" mainly covers metal-air, molten salt and metal-ion batteries ignoring lithium-ion because it is unable to compete on cost from 2025-2045 at LDES durations. Most have the problem of coupled power and capacity so you just have to buy more of them as demand rises for ever larger grid units. Few improve on the leakage current of lithium-ion but one extreme is Form Energy being low in capital cost to compensate many weaknesses, attracting an eye watering $1.2 billion investment and the largest, longest duration grid LDES project beyond pumped hydro. Other ACCB are mostly best beyond-grid. They are very different, so see eight SWOT appraisals and many parameter comparisons, many academic advances in 2024 and routes forward. See eight families compared in eight columns on one of the 54 pages.

Chapter 10. "Liquefied gas energy storage LGES: Liquid air LAES or CO2" (21 pages) considers what is, in many respects, intermediate in parameters and benefits making them part of the grid and beyond-grid market with some projects and funding but no major success as yet.

Chapter 11. Thermal energy storage for delayed electricity ETES (18 pages) assesses how joule heating of rocks or other solids then returning to electricity with steam turbines has led to many company collapses, failing to compete in efficiency, duration or much else. Contrast one large 2024 project using heat pumps, supported by 2024 academic research presented here. Two other companies pursue a wild-card: incandescent storage temperatures, photovoltaically returning to heat when needed. See appraisals.

Zhar Research report, "Long Duration Energy Storage LDES Reality: Markets in 28 Lines, Technology Appraisals, Roadmaps, Escape Routes 2025-2045" is essential reading for those wishing to create multi-billion-dollar business in the materials and systems.

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

  • 1.1. Purpose and scope of this report
  • 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
  • 1.3. Definitions and need
  • 1.4. Nine primary LDES technologies and their subsets compared
  • 1.5. Three LDES sizes, with different winners 2025-2045 on current evidence
  • 1.6. Duration vs power of LDES technologies not needing major earthworks compared with others in 2025
  • 1.7. Lessons from relative investment by company and technology to 2035
  • 1.8. 20 key conclusions
  • 1.9. Long Duration Energy Storage LDES roadmap 2025-2045
  • 1.10. 28 Market forecasts 2025-2045
    • 1.10.1. Total LDES value market percent in three size categories 2025-2045 table, graphs
    • 1.10.2. Total LDES value market $ billion in three size categories 2025-2045 table, graphs
    • 1.10.3. Regional share of LDES value market percent in four regions 2025-2045
    • 1.10.4. Total LDES value market $billionX100 by four regions 2025-2045 table, graphs
    • 1.10.5. Global LDES market $ billion 2025-2045
    • 1.10.6. LDES market in 9 technology categories $ billion 2025-2045 table, graphs
    • 1.10.7. LDES total value market showing beyond-grid gaining share 2025-2045
    • 1.10.8. Vanadium vs iron vs other RFB LDES market % value sales 2025-2045

2. LDES need and design principles

  • 2.1. Energy fundamentals
  • 2.2. Racing into renewables with rapid cost reduction
  • 2.3. Solar winning and the intermittency challenge
  • 2.4. Escape routes from LDES
  • 2.5. LDES definitions and choices compared
  • 2.6. The very different needs for grid vs beyond-grid LDES 2025-2045
  • 2.7. Leading projects in 2025 showing leading technology subsets
  • 2.8. LDES impediments, alternatives and investment climate
  • 2.9. LDES toolkit
    • 2.9.1. Overview
    • 2.9.2. LDES choices compared
    • 2.9.3. Electrochemical LDES options explained
  • 2.10. Latest independent assessments of performance by technology
  • 2.11. Other aspects

3. Hydrogen and other chemical intermediary LDES

  • 3.1. Overview
    • 3.1.1. Hydrogen past and present: successes and failures
    • 3.1.2. The proposal of a hydrogen economy: 2024 research advances
    • 3.1.3. The UK as an example of contention
    • 3.1.4. Wide spread of parameters means interpretation should be cautious
    • 3.1.5. How hydrogen is both partner and alternative to electrification
  • 3.2. Sweet spot for chemical intermediary LDES
  • 3.3. 53 research advances reported in 2025 (pre-publication) and 2024
    • 3.3.1. Introduction
    • 3.3.2. New research on salt caverns, subsea and other options for large scale hydrogen storage
    • 3.3.3. New research on complex mechanisms for hydrogen loss
    • 3.3.4. New research on hydrogen leakage causing global warming
    • 3.3.5. New research on combining grid hydrogen storage with other storage: hybrid systems
  • 3.4. Hydrogen compared to methane and ammonia for LDES
  • 3.5. Hydrogen LDES leader: Calistoga Resiliency Centre USA 48-hour hydrogen LDES
  • 3.6. Calculations finding that hydrogen will win for longest term LDES
  • 3.7. Mining giants prudently progress many options
  • 3.8. Buildings and other small locations
  • 3.9. Technologies for hydrogen storage
    • 3.9.1. Overview
    • 3.9.2. Choices of underground storage for LDES hydrogen
    • 3.9.3. Hydrogen interconnectors for electrical energy transmission and storage
  • 3.10. Parameter appraisal of hydrogen storage for LDES
  • 3.11. SWOT appraisal of hydrogen, methane, ammonia for LDES

4. Pumped hydro: conventional PHES

  • 4.1. Overview: history, environmental, three types, timescales, potential sites, 2024 DOE appraisal
  • 4.2. Research advances in 2024 and how to reduce emissions, ugliness, water use, cost
  • 4.3. Projects and intentions across the world
    • 4.3.1. Geographical
    • 4.3.2. Large pumped hydro schemes worldwide
  • 4.4. Economics
  • 4.5. Policy recommendations
  • 4.6. Parameter appraisal of conventional pumped hydro PHES
  • 4.7. SWOT appraisal of conventional pumped hydro PHES

5. Advanced pumped hydro APHES

  • 5.1. Overview
  • 5.2. Research advances in 2024
  • 5.3. Pressurised underground: Quidnet Energy USA
  • 5.4. Mine storage Sweden
  • 5.5. Heavy liquid up mere hills RheEnergise UK
  • 5.6. S-PHES from the sea to land and using sea dams
    • 5.6.1. Overview
    • 5.6.2. Research advances in 2024
  • 5.7. Sea floor StEnSea Germany, Ocean Grazer Netherlands compared to other underwater LDES
  • 5.8. SWOT appraisal of underwater energy storage for LDES
  • 5.9. Brine in salt caverns Cavern Energy USA
  • 5.10. SWOT appraisal of APHES

6. Compressed air CAES

  • 6.1. Overview
  • 6.2. Undersupply attracts clones
  • 6.3. Market positioning of CAES
  • 6.4. Parameter appraisal of CAES vs LAES
  • 6.5. CAES technology options
    • 6.5.1. Thermodynamic
    • 6.4.2. Isochoric or isobaric storage
    • 6.4.3. Adiabatic choice of cooling
  • 6.6. CAES manufacturers, projects, research
    • 6.6.1. Overview
    • 6.6.2. Siemens Energy Germany
    • 6.6.3. MAN Energy Solutions Germany
    • 6.6.4. Increasing the CAES storage time and discharge duration
    • 6.6.5. Research in UK and European Union
  • 6.7. CAES profiles and appraisal of system designers and suppliers
    • 6.7.1. ALCAES Switzerland
    • 6.7.2. APEX CAES USA
    • 6.7.3. Augwind Energy Israel
    • 6.7.4. Cheesecake Energy UK
    • 6.7.5. Corre Energy Netherlands
    • 6.7.6. Gaelectric failure Ireland - lessons
    • 6.7.7. Huaneng Group China
    • 6.7.8. Hydrostor Canada
    • 6.7.9. LiGE Pty South Africa
    • 6.7.10. Storelectric UK
    • 6.7.11. Terrastor Energy Corporation USA
  • 6.8. SWOT appraisal of CAES for LDES

7. Redox flow batteries RFB

  • 7.1. Overview
  • 7.2. RFB research pivoting to LDES
    • 7.2.1. Overview of research
    • 7.2.2. 13 important RFB research advances in 2024 relevant to LDES
  • 7.3. RFB LDES projects and calculations to 2025: hours, capacity, currently winning technology
  • 7.4. Winning LDES redox flow battery technologies 2025-2045
  • 7.5. 44 RFB companies compared in 8 columns: name, brand, technology, tech. readiness, beyond grid focus, LDES focus, comment
  • 7.6. RFB technologies
    • 7.6.1. Regular or hybrid, their chemistries and the main ones being commercialised
    • 7.6.2. SWOT appraisals of regular vs hybrid options
  • 7.7. Specific designs by material: vanadium, iron and variants, other metal ligand, HBr, organic, manganese with 3 SWOT appraisals
  • 7.8. RFB manufacturer profiles in 100 pages
  • 7.9. Parameter comparison table of RFB for LDES

8. Solid gravity energy storage SGES

  • 8.1. Overview and IIASA, Austria proposal in 2023
  • 8.2. Parameter appraisal of SGES for LDES
  • 8.3. ARES USA
  • 8.4. Energy Vault Switzerland
  • 8.5. Gravitricity UK
  • 8.6. SinkFloat Solutions France
  • 8.7. SWOT appraisal of SGES for LDES

9. Advanced conventional construction batteries ACCB

  • 9.1. Overview
  • 9.2. SWOT appraisal of ACCB for beyond grid LDES
  • 9.3. Eight ACCB manufacturers compared: 8 columns: name, brand, technology, tech. readiness, beyond-grid focus, LDES focus, comment
  • 9.4. Metal-air batteries
    • 9.4.1. Iron-air: Form Energy USA with SWOT appraisal
    • 9.4.2. Aluminium-air and zinc-air: Phinergy Israel
    • 9.4.3. Zinc-air: eZinc Canada with SWOT
  • 9.5. High temperature batteries
    • 9.5.1. Molten calcium antimony: Ambri USA with SWOT appraisal
    • 9.5.2. Sodium sulfur: NGK/ BASF Japan/ Germany and others with SWOT
  • 9.6. Metal-ion batteries
    • 9.6.1. Sodium-ion with SWOT
    • 9.6.2. Zinc halide EOS Energy Enterprises USA with SWOT
    • 9.6.3. Zinc-ion Enerpoly, Urban Electric Power USA, NextEra USA
  • 9.7. Nickel hydrogen batteries: EnerVenue USA with SWOT
  • 9.8. Parameter appraisal of ACCB for LDES

10. Liquefied gas energy storage LGES: Liquid air LAES or CO2

  • 10.1. Overview
  • 10.2. Liquid air LDES
    • 10.2.1. Technology
    • 10.2.2. Research advances in 2024
    • 10.2.3. CGDG China
    • 10.2.4. Highview Energy UK
    • 10.2.5. Sumitomo Japan and China
    • 10.2.6. Phelas Germany
    • 10.2.7. SWOT appraisal of LAES for LDES
    • 10.2.8. Parameter comparison of LAES for LDES
  • 10.3. Liquid carbon dioxide LDES
    • 10.3.1. Research advances in 2024
    • 10.3.2. Energy Dome Italy
    • 10.3.3. SWOT appraisal of Liquid CO2 for LDES

11. Thermal energy storage for delayed electricity ETES

  • 11.1. Overview
  • 11.2. Research advances in 2024
  • 11.3. Lessons of failure: Siemens Gamesa, Azelio, Steisdal, Lumenion
  • 11.4. The heat engine approach succeeds: Echogen USA
  • 11.5. Use of extreme temperatures and photovoltaic conversion
    • 11.5.1. Antora USA
    • 11.5.2. Fourth Power USA
  • 11.6. Marketing delayed heat and electricity from one plant
    • 11.6.1. Overview
    • 11.6.2. MGA Thermal Australia
    • 11.6.3. Malta Inc Germany
  • 11.7. SWOT appraisal of ETES for LDES
  • 11.8. Parameter appraisal of electric thermal energy storage ETES