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環境趨勢

市場調查報告書

商品編碼

1512219

全球生物基/永續材料市場（2024-2035）

The Global Market for Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2024-2035

出版日期: 2024年07月11日 | 出版商:

Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 2,286 Pages, 484 Tables, 623 Figures | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

簡介目錄圖表

在環保意識增強、監管壓力和技術進步的推動下，生物基/永續材料市場正在呈現快速成長和轉型。該部門涵蓋多種材料，包括生物塑膠、天然纖維複合材料、生物基化學品、永續建築材料、環保包裝解決方案和環保紡織產品。這些材料的主要應用領域包括包裝（可生物降解薄膜和可堆肥容器越來越受歡迎）、汽車工業（天然纖維複合材料越來越多地被納入內飾部件）、絕緣材料和生物基混凝土，其中包括建築業（這是重點領域）。

技術進步在塑造市場方面發揮著重要作用。先進的生物精煉製程、創造新型生物材料的合成生物學以及材料生產中的碳捕獲和利用是推動該領域創新的一些關鍵趨勢。人們也越來越關注材料設計和回收的循環經濟方法，旨在最大限度地減少浪費並最大限度地提高資源效率。市場格局多樣，既有涉足生物基產品的大型化學和材料公司，也有專注於新生物材料的創新新創公司。

本報告考察了全球生物基/永續材料市場，並對市場趨勢、技術進步和成長機會進行了深入分析。

與化石燃料的比較
在循環經濟中的作用
市場驅動力
市場課題
液體生物燃料市場
全球生物燃料市場
SWOT 分析：生質燃料市場
生物燃料成本比較：依類型（2023）
類型
材料
碳氫化合物生物燃料
酒精燃料
生質基氣體
生物燃料的化學回收
電力燃料（合成燃料、電力轉化為氣體/液體/燃料）
藻類生物燃料
綠氨
來自碳捕獲的生物燃料
生物油（熱解油）
垃圾固化燃料（RDF）
公司簡介（211家公司簡介）

第十一章永續電子產品

概述
綠色電子製造
世界市場
公司簡介（45家公司簡介）

第十二章生物基黏合劑/密封劑

概述
類型
全球收入
公司簡介（15家公司簡介）

第13章參考資料

簡介目錄圖表

The market for bio-based and sustainable materials is experiencing rapid growth and transformation, driven by increasing environmental awareness, regulatory pressures, and technological advancements. This sector encompasses a wide range of materials, including bioplastics, natural fiber composites, bio-based chemicals, sustainable construction materials, green packaging solutions, and eco-friendly textiles. Key application areas for these materials include packaging, where biodegradable films and compostable containers are gaining traction; the automotive industry, which is incorporating natural fiber composites in interior parts; construction, with a focus on insulation materials and bio-based concrete alternatives; and the textile industry, where recycled and bio-based fibers are becoming more prevalent.

Technological advancements are playing a crucial role in shaping the market. Advanced biorefinery processes, synthetic biology for creating novel biomaterials, and carbon capture and utilization in material production are some of the key trends driving innovation in this space. There's also a growing focus on circular economy approaches to material design and recycling, aiming to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. The market landscape is diverse, featuring large chemical and material companies diversifying into bio-based products and innovative start-ups focusing on novel biomaterials.

"The Global Market for Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2024-2035" provides an in-depth analysis of market trends, technological advancements, and growth opportunities.

Report contents include:

Analysis of biorefineries and various plant-based, waste-derived, and microbial sources for these materials.
Analysis of key bio-based chemicals, including starch-derived products, cellulosic materials, lignin, and plant oils. Each chemical is examined in terms of its sources, production processes, applications, and market potential.
Market for bio-based polymers and plastics including PLA, bio-PET, PHA, and cellulose-based materials, providing insights into their properties, production capacities, and market trends. Emerging materials such as mycelium-based products and algal biomaterials.
Analysis of various types of natural fibers, their properties, and their applications in industries such as automotive, packaging, and construction. Comprehensive overview of the market dynamics, including drivers, challenges, and future prospects for natural fiber composites.
Sustainable construction materials including hemp-based products, mycelium composites, and sustainable concrete alternatives. Analysis of technologies such as carbon capture and utilization in construction materials and the emerging field of green steel production.
Bio-based and biodegradable packaging materials, including bio-PET, PLA, and cellulose-based packaging. Insights into market trends, regulatory landscapes, and technological innovations driving the adoption of sustainable packaging solutions.
Sustainable textiles and apparel including bio-based fibers and innovative materials such as mycelium leather and algae-based textiles.
Bio-based coatings and resins, adhesives and sealants, and their applications across various industries. Detailed analysis of market trends, key players, and growth projections.
Various types of biofuels, including biodiesel, bioethanol, and advanced biofuels. Production processes, feedstock options, market dynamics, and regulatory landscapes across different regions.
Sustainable electronics including innovative materials and manufacturing processes that aim to reduce the environmental impact of electronic devices. Bio-based printed circuit boards, sustainable semiconductors, and eco-friendly electronic components.
Profiles of over 1,700 key players, from large chemicals and materials producers to innovative start-ups, offering insights into their strategies, product portfolios, and market positions. Companies profiled include Aduro Clean Technologies, Afyren, Again Bio, Agilyx, Alt.Leather, Alterra, Amsty, APK AG, Aquafil, Arcus, Arda Biomaterials, Avantium, Axens, BASF Chemcycling, Beyond Leather Materials ApS, BiologiQ,Biome Bioplastics, Boreal Bioproducts, Biophilica, Bpacks, Braskem, Bucha Bio, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Carbios, CJ CheilJedang, Clariant, DePoly, Dow, Earthodic, Eastman Chemical, Ecovative, Elemental Enzymes, Ensyn, EREMA Group GmbH, Evolved by Nature, Extracthive, ExxonMobil, FlexSea, Floreon, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Fych Technologies, Gaia Biomaterials, Garbo, Genecis Bioindustries, Ginkgo Bioworks, Global Bioenergies, Gozen Bioworks, gr3n SA, Hyundai Chemical, cytos, Ioniqa, Itero, Kelpi, Kvasir Technologies, Licella, Lignin Industries AB, LignoPure GmbH, MeduSoil, Modern Meadow, Mura Technology, MycoWorks, Natural Fiber Welding, Nium, Nordic Bioproducts Group, Notpla, Origin Materials, Pack2Earth, Paques Biomaterials, PersiSKIN, PlantSwitch, Plastic Energy, Plastogaz SA, Polybion, Polymateria, ProjectEx, PTT MCC Biochem, Pyrowave, Recyc'ELIT, RePEaT Co., Ltd., revalyu Resources GmbH, SA-Dynamics, Solugen, Sonichem, Stora Enso, Strong By Form, Sulapac, UPM Biochemicals, UBQ Materials, UNCAGED Innovations, Verde Bioresins and Xampla
Comprehensive market size and forecast data, segmented by material type, application, and geography.

Key features of the report include:

In-depth analysis of various bio-based and sustainable materials across multiple industries
Detailed market size and forecast data from 2024 to 2035
Examination of technological advancements and emerging trends in sustainable materials
Analysis of regulatory landscapes and their impact on market dynamics
Comprehensive profiles of key market players and their strategies
Insights into challenges and opportunities in the sustainable materials market

This report is an essential resource for:

Material scientists and researchers
Product developers and innovation managers
Investors and financial analysts
Policy makers and regulators
Business strategists and market analysts
Environmental consultants

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Definition of Sustainable and Biobased Materials
2.2. Importance and Benefits of Biobased and Sustainable Materials

3. BIOBASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES

3.1. BIOREFINERIES
3.2. BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
3.3. PLANT-BASED
- 3.3.1. STARCH
  - 3.3.1.1. Overview
  - 3.3.1.2. Sources
  - 3.3.1.3. Global production
  - 3.3.1.4. Lysine
    - 3.3.1.4.1. Source
    - 3.3.1.4.2. Applications
    - 3.3.1.4.3. Global production
  - 3.3.1.5. Glucose
    - 3.3.1.5.1. HMDA
      - 3.3.1.5.1.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.1.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.1.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.1.4. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.2. 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
      - 3.3.1.5.2.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.2.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.2.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.2.4. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.3. Sorbitol
      - 3.3.1.5.3.1. Isosorbide
        
        3.3.1.5.3.1.1. Overview
        3.3.1.5.3.1.2. Sources
        3.3.1.5.3.1.3. Applications
        3.3.1.5.3.1.4. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.4. Lactic acid
      - 3.3.1.5.4.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.4.2. D-lactic acid
      - 3.3.1.5.4.3. L-lactic acid
      - 3.3.1.5.4.4. Lactide
    - 3.3.1.5.5. Itaconic acid
      - 3.3.1.5.5.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.5.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.5.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.5.4. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.6. 3-HP
      - 3.3.1.5.6.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.6.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.6.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.6.4. Global production
      - 3.3.1.5.6.5. Acrylic acid
        
        3.3.1.5.6.5.1. Overview
        3.3.1.5.6.5.2. Applications
        3.3.1.5.6.5.3. Global production
      - 3.3.1.5.6.6. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
        
        3.3.1.5.6.6.1. Overview
        3.3.1.5.6.6.2. Applications
        3.3.1.5.6.6.3. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.7. Succinic Acid
      - 3.3.1.5.7.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.7.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.7.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.7.4. Global production
      - 3.3.1.5.7.5. 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
        
        3.3.1.5.7.5.1. Overview
        3.3.1.5.7.5.2. Applications
        3.3.1.5.7.5.3. Global production
      - 3.3.1.5.7.6. Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
        
        3.3.1.5.7.6.1. Overview
        3.3.1.5.7.6.2. Applications
        3.3.1.5.7.6.3. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.8. Adipic acid
      - 3.3.1.5.8.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.8.2. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.8.3. Caprolactame
        
        3.3.1.5.8.3.1. Overview
        3.3.1.5.8.3.2. Applications
        3.3.1.5.8.3.3. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.9. Isobutanol
      - 3.3.1.5.9.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.9.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.9.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.9.4. Global production
      - 3.3.1.5.9.5. p-Xylene
        
        3.3.1.5.9.5.1. Overview
        3.3.1.5.9.5.2. Sources
        3.3.1.5.9.5.3. Applications
        3.3.1.5.9.5.4. Global production
        3.3.1.5.9.5.5. Terephthalic acid
        3.3.1.5.9.5.6. Overview
    - 3.3.1.5.10 1,3. Proppanediol
      - 3.3.1.5.10.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.10.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.10.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.10.4. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.11. Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
      - 3.3.1.5.11.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.11.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.11.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.11.4. Global production
    - 3.3.1.5.12. Ethanol
      - 3.3.1.5.12.1. Overview
      - 3.3.1.5.12.2. Sources
      - 3.3.1.5.12.3. Applications
      - 3.3.1.5.12.4. Global production
      - 3.3.1.5.12.5. Ethylene
        
        3.3.1.5.12.5.1. Overview
        3.3.1.5.12.5.2. Applications
        3.3.1.5.12.5.3. Global production
        3.3.1.5.12.5.4. Propylene
        3.3.1.5.12.5.5. Vinyl chloride
      - 3.3.1.5.12.6. Methly methacrylate
- 3.3.2. SUGAR CROPS
  - 3.3.2.1. Saccharose
    - 3.3.2.1.1. Aniline
      - 3.3.2.1.1.1. Overview
      - 3.3.2.1.1.2. Applications
      - 3.3.2.1.1.3. Global production
    - 3.3.2.1.2. Fructose
      - 3.3.2.1.2.1. Overview
      - 3.3.2.1.2.2. Applications
      - 3.3.2.1.2.3. Global production
      - 3.3.2.1.2.4. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
        
        3.3.2.1.2.4.1. Overview
        3.3.2.1.2.4.2. Applications
        3.3.2.1.2.4.3. Global production
      - 3.3.2.1.2.5. 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
        
        3.3.2.1.2.5.1. Overview
        3.3.2.1.2.5.2. Applications
        3.3.2.1.2.5.3. Global production
      - 3.3.2.1.2.6. Levulinic Acid
        
        3.3.2.1.2.6.1. Overview
        3.3.2.1.2.6.2. Applications
        3.3.2.1.2.6.3. Global production
      - 3.3.2.1.2.7. FDME
        
        3.3.2.1.2.7.1. Overview
        3.3.2.1.2.7.2. Applications
        3.3.2.1.2.7.3. Global production
      - 3.3.2.1.2.8. 2,5-FDCA
        
        3.3.2.1.2.8.1. Overview
        3.3.2.1.2.8.2. Applications
        3.3.2.1.2.8.3. Global production
- 3.3.3. LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
  - 3.3.3.1. Levoglucosenone
    - 3.3.3.1.1. Overview
    - 3.3.3.1.2. Applications
    - 3.3.3.1.3. Global production
  - 3.3.3.2. Hemicellulose
    - 3.3.3.2.1. Overview
    - 3.3.3.2.2. Biochemicals from hemicellulose
    - 3.3.3.2.3. Global production
    - 3.3.3.2.4. Furfural
      - 3.3.3.2.4.1. Overview
      - 3.3.3.2.4.2. Applications
      - 3.3.3.2.4.3. Global production
      - 3.3.3.2.4.4. Furfuyl alcohol
        
        3.3.3.2.4.4.1. Overview
        3.3.3.2.4.4.2. Applications
        3.3.3.2.4.4.3. Global production
  - 3.3.3.3. Lignin
    - 3.3.3.3.1. Overview
    - 3.3.3.3.2. Sources
    - 3.3.3.3.3. Applications
      - 3.3.3.3.3.1. Aromatic compounds
        
        3.3.3.3.3.1.1. Benzene, toluene and xylene
        3.3.3.3.3.1.2. Phenol and phenolic resins
        3.3.3.3.3.1.3. Vanillin
      - 3.3.3.3.3.2. Polymers
    - 3.3.3.3.4. Global production
- 3.3.4. PLANT OILS
  - 3.3.4.1. Overview
  - 3.3.4.2. Glycerol
    - 3.3.4.2.1. Overview
    - 3.3.4.2.2. Applications
    - 3.3.4.2.3. Global production
    - 3.3.4.2.4. MPG
      - 3.3.4.2.4.1. Overview
      - 3.3.4.2.4.2. Applications
      - 3.3.4.2.4.3. Global production
    - 3.3.4.2.5. ECH
      - 3.3.4.2.5.1. Overview
      - 3.3.4.2.5.2. Applications
      - 3.3.4.2.5.3. Global production
  - 3.3.4.3. Fatty acids
    - 3.3.4.3.1. Overview
    - 3.3.4.3.2. Applications
    - 3.3.4.3.3. Global production
  - 3.3.4.4. Castor oil
    - 3.3.4.4.1. Overview
    - 3.3.4.4.2. Sebacic acid
      - 3.3.4.4.2.1. Overview
      - 3.3.4.4.2.2. Applications
      - 3.3.4.4.2.3. Global production
    - 3.3.4.4.3. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
      - 3.3.4.4.3.1. Overview
      - 3.3.4.4.3.2. Applications
      - 3.3.4.4.3.3. Global production
  - 3.3.4.5. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
    - 3.3.4.5.1. Overview
    - 3.3.4.5.2. Applications
    - 3.3.4.5.3. Global production
  - 3.3.4.6. Pentamethylene diisocyanate
    - 3.3.4.6.1. Overview
    - 3.3.4.6.2. Applications
    - 3.3.4.6.3. Global production
- 3.3.5. NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
  - 3.3.5.1. Casein
    - 3.3.5.1.1. Overview
    - 3.3.5.1.2. Applications
    - 3.3.5.1.3. Global production
3.4. WASTE
- 3.4.1. Food waste
  - 3.4.1.1. Overview
  - 3.4.1.2. Products and applications
    - 3.4.1.2.1. Global production
- 3.4.2. Agricultural waste
  - 3.4.2.1. Overview
  - 3.4.2.2. Products and applications
  - 3.4.2.3. Global production
- 3.4.3. Forestry waste
  - 3.4.3.1. Overview
  - 3.4.3.2. Products and applications
  - 3.4.3.3. Global production
- 3.4.4. Aquaculture/fishing waste
  - 3.4.4.1. Overview
  - 3.4.4.2. Products and applications
  - 3.4.4.3. Global production
- 3.4.5. Municipal solid waste
  - 3.4.5.1. Overview
  - 3.4.5.2. Products and applications
  - 3.4.5.3. Global production
- 3.4.6. Industrial waste
  - 3.4.6.1. Overview
- 3.4.7. Waste oils
  - 3.4.7.1. Overview
  - 3.4.7.2. Products and applications
  - 3.4.7.3. Global production
3.5. MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
- 3.5.1. Microalgae
  - 3.5.1.1. Overview
  - 3.5.1.2. Products and applications
  - 3.5.1.3. Global production
- 3.5.2. Macroalgae
  - 3.5.2.1. Overview
  - 3.5.2.2. Products and applications
  - 3.5.2.3. Global production
- 3.5.3. Mineral sources
  - 3.5.3.1. Overview
  - 3.5.3.2. Products and applications
3.6. GASEOUS
- 3.6.1. Biogas
  - 3.6.1.1. Overview
  - 3.6.1.2. Products and applications
  - 3.6.1.3. Global production
- 3.6.2. Syngas
  - 3.6.2.1. Overview
  - 3.6.2.2. Products and applications
  - 3.6.2.3. Global production
- 3.6.3. Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
  - 3.6.3.1. Overview
  - 3.6.3.2. Products and applications
3.7. COMPANY PROFILES 210 (126 company profiles)

4. BIOBASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

4.1. Overview
- 4.1.1. Drop-in bio-based plastics
- 4.1.2. Novel bio-based plastics
4.2. Biodegradable and compostable plastics
- 4.2.1. Biodegradability
- 4.2.2. Compostability
4.3. Types
4.4. Key market players
4.5. Synthetic biobased polymers
- 4.5.1. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
  - 4.5.1.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.1.2. Production
  - 4.5.1.3. Producers and production capacities, current and planned
    - 4.5.1.3.1. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
    - 4.5.1.3.2. PLA producers and production capacities
    - 4.5.1.3.3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
- 4.5.2. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
  - 4.5.2.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.2.2. Producers and production capacities
  - 4.5.2.3. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
- 4.5.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
  - 4.5.3.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.3.2. Producers and production capacities
  - 4.5.3.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
- 4.5.4. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
  - 4.5.4.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.4.2. Comparative properties to PET
  - 4.5.4.3. Producers and production capacities
    - 4.5.4.3.1. FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
    - 4.5.4.3.2. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
- 4.5.5. Polyamides (Bio-PA)
  - 4.5.5.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.5.2. Producers and production capacities
  - 4.5.5.3. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
- 4.5.6. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
  - 4.5.6.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.6.2. Producers and production capacities
  - 4.5.6.3. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
- 4.5.7. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
  - 4.5.7.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.7.2. Producers and production capacities
  - 4.5.7.3. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
- 4.5.8. Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
  - 4.5.8.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.8.2. Producers and production capacities
  - 4.5.8.3. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
- 4.5.9. Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
  - 4.5.9.1. Market analysis
  - 4.5.9.2. Producers and production capacities
  - 4.5.9.3. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
4.6. Natural biobased polymers
- 4.6.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
  - 4.6.1.1. Technology description
  - 4.6.1.2. Types
    - 4.6.1.2.1. PHB
    - 4.6.1.2.2. PHBV
  - 4.6.1.3. Synthesis and production processes
  - 4.6.1.4. Market analysis
  - 4.6.1.5. Commercially available PHAs
  - 4.6.1.6. Markets for PHAs
    - 4.6.1.6.1. Packaging
    - 4.6.1.6.2. Cosmetics
      - 4.6.1.6.2.1. PHA microspheres
    - 4.6.1.6.3. Medical
      - 4.6.1.6.3.1. Tissue engineering
      - 4.6.1.6.3.2. Drug delivery
    - 4.6.1.6.4. Agriculture
      - 4.6.1.6.4.1. Mulch film
      - 4.6.1.6.4.2. Grow bags
  - 4.6.1.7. Producers and production capacities
- 4.6.2. Cellulose
  - 4.6.2.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
    - 4.6.2.1.1. Market analysis
    - 4.6.2.1.2. Producers and production capacities
  - 4.6.2.2. Nanocellulose
    - 4.6.2.2.1. Cellulose nanocrystals
      - 4.6.2.2.1.1. Synthesis
      - 4.6.2.2.1.2. Properties
      - 4.6.2.2.1.3. Production
      - 4.6.2.2.1.4. Applications
      - 4.6.2.2.1.5. Market analysis
      - 4.6.2.2.1.6. Producers and production capacities
    - 4.6.2.2.2. Cellulose nanofibers
      - 4.6.2.2.2.1. Applications
      - 4.6.2.2.2.2. Market analysis
      - 4.6.2.2.2.3. Producers and production capacities
    - 4.6.2.2.3. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
      - 4.6.2.2.3.1. Production
      - 4.6.2.2.3.2. Applications
- 4.6.3. Protein-based bioplastics
  - 4.6.3.1. Types, applications and producers
- 4.6.4. Algal and fungal
  - 4.6.4.1. Algal
    - 4.6.4.1.1. Advantages
    - 4.6.4.1.2. Production
    - 4.6.4.1.3. Producers
  - 4.6.4.2. Mycelium
    - 4.6.4.2.1. Properties
    - 4.6.4.2.2. Applications
    - 4.6.4.2.3. Commercialization
- 4.6.5. Chitosan
  - 4.6.5.1. Technology description
4.7. Production by region
- 4.7.1. North America
- 4.7.2. Europe
- 4.7.3. Asia-Pacific
  - 4.7.3.1. China
  - 4.7.3.2. Japan
  - 4.7.3.3. Thailand
  - 4.7.3.4. Indonesia
- 4.7.4. Latin America
4.8. End use markets
- 4.8.1. Packaging
  - 4.8.1.1. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
  - 4.8.1.2. Applications
  - 4.8.1.3. Flexible packaging
    - 4.8.1.3.1. Production volumes 2019-2035
  - 4.8.1.4. Rigid packaging
    - 4.8.1.4.1. Production volumes 2019-2035
- 4.8.2. Consumer products
  - 4.8.2.1. Applications
  - 4.8.2.2. Production volumes 2019-2035
- 4.8.3. Automotive
  - 4.8.3.1. Applications
  - 4.8.3.2. Production volumes 2019-2035
- 4.8.4. Construction
  - 4.8.4.1. Applications
  - 4.8.4.2. Production volumes 2019-2035
- 4.8.5. Textiles
  - 4.8.5.1. Apparel
  - 4.8.5.2. Footwear
  - 4.8.5.3. Medical textiles
  - 4.8.5.4. Production volumes 2019-2035
- 4.8.6. Electronics
  - 4.8.6.1. Applications
  - 4.8.6.2. Production volumes 2019-2035
- 4.8.7. Agriculture and horticulture
  - 4.8.7.1. Production volumes 2019-2035
4.9. Lignin
- 4.9.1. Introduction
  - 4.9.1.1. What is lignin?
    - 4.9.1.1.1. Lignin structure
  - 4.9.1.2. Types of lignin
    - 4.9.1.2.1. Sulfur containing lignin
    - 4.9.1.2.2. Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
  - 4.9.1.3. Properties
  - 4.9.1.4. The lignocellulose biorefinery
  - 4.9.1.5. Markets and applications
  - 4.9.1.6. Challenges for using lignin
- 4.9.2. Lignin production processes
  - 4.9.2.1. Lignosulphonates
  - 4.9.2.2. Kraft Lignin
    - 4.9.2.2.1. LignoBoost process
    - 4.9.2.2.2. LignoForce method
    - 4.9.2.2.3. Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
    - 4.9.2.2.4. A-Recovery+
  - 4.9.2.3. Soda lignin
  - 4.9.2.4. Biorefinery lignin
    - 4.9.2.4.1. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
  - 4.9.2.5. Organosolv lignins
  - 4.9.2.6. Hydrolytic lignin
- 4.9.3. Markets for lignin
  - 4.9.3.1. Market drivers and trends for lignin
  - 4.9.3.2. Production capacities
    - 4.9.3.2.1. Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
    - 4.9.3.2.2. Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
  - 4.9.3.3. Global consumption of lignin
    - 4.9.3.3.1. By type
    - 4.9.3.3.2. By market
  - 4.9.3.4. Prices
  - 4.9.3.5. Heat and power energy
  - 4.9.3.6. Pyrolysis and syngas
  - 4.9.3.7. Aromatic compounds
    - 4.9.3.7.1. Benzene, toluene and xylene
    - 4.9.3.7.2. Phenol and phenolic resins
    - 4.9.3.7.3. Vanillin
  - 4.9.3.8. Plastics and polymers
4.10. COMPANY PROFILES 405 (522 company profiles)

5. NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES

5.1. Introduction
- 5.1.1. What are natural fiber materials?
- 5.1.2. Benefits of natural fibers over synthetic
- 5.1.3. Markets and applications for natural fibers
- 5.1.4. Commercially available natural fiber products
- 5.1.5. Market drivers for natural fibers
- 5.1.6. Market challenges
- 5.1.7. Wood flour as a plastic filler
5.2. Types of natural fibers in plastic composites
- 5.2.1. Plants
  - 5.2.1.1. Seed fibers
    - 5.2.1.1.1. Kapok
    - 5.2.1.1.2. Luffa
  - 5.2.1.2. Bast fibers
    - 5.2.1.2.1. Jute
    - 5.2.1.2.2. Hemp
    - 5.2.1.2.3. Flax
    - 5.2.1.2.4. Ramie
    - 5.2.1.2.5. Kenaf
  - 5.2.1.3. Leaf fibers
    - 5.2.1.3.1. Sisal
    - 5.2.1.3.2. Abaca
  - 5.2.1.4. Fruit fibers
    - 5.2.1.4.1. Coir
    - 5.2.1.4.2. Banana
    - 5.2.1.4.3. Pineapple
  - 5.2.1.5. Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
    - 5.2.1.5.1. Rice fiber
    - 5.2.1.5.2. Corn
  - 5.2.1.6. Cane, grasses and reed
    - 5.2.1.6.1. Switchgrass
    - 5.2.1.6.2. Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
    - 5.2.1.6.3. Bamboo
    - 5.2.1.6.4. Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
  - 5.2.1.7. Modified natural polymers
    - 5.2.1.7.1. Mycelium
    - 5.2.1.7.2. Chitosan
    - 5.2.1.7.3. Alginate
- 5.2.2. Animal (fibrous protein)
  - 5.2.2.1. Silk fiber
- 5.2.3. Wood-based natural fibers
  - 5.2.3.1. Cellulose fibers
    - 5.2.3.1.1. Market overview
    - 5.2.3.1.2. Producers
  - 5.2.3.2. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
    - 5.2.3.2.1. Market overview
    - 5.2.3.2.2. Producers
  - 5.2.3.3. Cellulose nanocrystals
    - 5.2.3.3.1. Market overview
    - 5.2.3.3.2. Producers
  - 5.2.3.4. Cellulose nanofibers
    - 5.2.3.4.1. Market overview
    - 5.2.3.4.2. Producers
5.3. Processing and Treatment of Natural Fibers
5.4. Interface and Compatibility of Natural Fibers with Plastic Matrices
- 5.4.1. Adhesion and Bonding
- 5.4.2. Moisture Absorption and Dimensional Stability
- 5.4.3. Thermal Expansion and Compatibility
- 5.4.4. Dispersion and Distribution
- 5.4.5. Matrix Selection
- 5.4.6. Fiber Content and Alignment
- 5.4.7. Manufacturing Techniques
5.5. Manufacturing processes
- 5.5.1. Injection molding
- 5.5.2. Compression moulding
- 5.5.3. Extrusion
- 5.5.4. Thermoforming
- 5.5.5. Thermoplastic pultrusion
- 5.5.6. Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
5.6. Global market for natural fibers
- 5.6.1. Automotive
  - 5.6.1.1. Applications
  - 5.6.1.2. Commercial production
  - 5.6.1.3. SWOT analysis
- 5.6.2. Packaging
  - 5.6.2.1. Applications
  - 5.6.2.2. SWOT analysis
- 5.6.3. Construction
  - 5.6.3.1. Applications
  - 5.6.3.2. SWOT analysis
- 5.6.4. Appliances
  - 5.6.4.1. Applications
  - 5.6.4.2. SWOT analysis
- 5.6.5. Consumer electronics
  - 5.6.5.1. Applications
  - 5.6.5.2. SWOT analysis
- 5.6.6. Furniture
  - 5.6.6.1. Applications
  - 5.6.6.2. SWOT analysis
5.7. Competitive landscape
5.8. Future outlook
5.9. Revenues
- 5.9.1. By end use market
- 5.9.2. By Material Type
- 5.9.3. By Plastic Type
- 5.9.4. By region
5.10. Company profiles 850 (67 company profiles)

6. SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

6.1. Market overview
- 6.1.1. Benefits of Sustainable Construction
- 6.1.2. Global Trends and Drivers
6.2. Global revenues
- 6.2.1. By materials type
- 6.2.2. By market
6.3. Types of sustainable construction materials
- 6.3.1. Established bio-based construction materials
- 6.3.2. Hemp-based Materials
  - 6.3.2.1. Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
  - 6.3.2.2. Hemp Fiberboard
  - 6.3.2.3. Hemp Insulation
- 6.3.3. Mycelium-based Materials
  - 6.3.3.1. Insulation
  - 6.3.3.2. Structural Elements
  - 6.3.3.3. Acoustic Panels
  - 6.3.3.4. Decorative Elements
- 6.3.4. Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
  - 6.3.4.1. Geopolymer Concrete
  - 6.3.4.2. Recycled Aggregate Concrete
  - 6.3.4.3. Lime-Based Materials
  - 6.3.4.4. Self-healing concrete
    - 6.3.4.4.1. Bioconcrete
    - 6.3.4.4.2. Fiber concrete
  - 6.3.4.5. Microalgae biocement
  - 6.3.4.6. Carbon-negative concrete
  - 6.3.4.7. Biomineral binders
- 6.3.5. Natural Fiber Composites
  - 6.3.5.1. Types of Natural Fibers
  - 6.3.5.2. Properties
  - 6.3.5.3. Applications in Construction
- 6.3.6. Cellulose nanofibers
  - 6.3.6.1. Sandwich composites
  - 6.3.6.2. Cement additives
  - 6.3.6.3. Pump primers
  - 6.3.6.4. Insulation materials
  - 6.3.6.5. Coatings and paints
6.3.6.6 3D printing materials
- 6.3.7. Sustainable Insulation Materials
  - 6.3.7.1. Types of sustainable insulation materials
  - 6.3.7.2. Aerogel Insulation
    - 6.3.7.2.1. Silica aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.1.1. Properties
      - 6.3.7.2.1.2. Thermal conductivity
      - 6.3.7.2.1.3. Mechanical
      - 6.3.7.2.1.4. Silica aerogel precursors
      - 6.3.7.2.1.5. Products
        
        6.3.7.2.1.5.1. Monoliths
        6.3.7.2.1.5.2. Powder
        6.3.7.2.1.5.3. Granules
        6.3.7.2.1.5.4. Blankets
        6.3.7.2.1.5.5. Aerogel boards
        6.3.7.2.1.5.6. Aerogel renders
      - 6.3.7.2.1.6. 3D printing of aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.1.7. Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks
      - 6.3.7.2.1.8. Silica composite aerogels
        
        6.3.7.2.1.8.1. Organic crosslinkers
      - 6.3.7.2.1.9. Cost of silica aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.1.10. Main players
    - 6.3.7.2.2. Aerogel-like foam materials
      - 6.3.7.2.2.1. Properties
      - 6.3.7.2.2.2. Applications
    - 6.3.7.2.3. Metal oxide aerogels
    - 6.3.7.2.4. Organic aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.4.1. Polymer aerogels
    - 6.3.7.2.5. Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
      - 6.3.7.2.5.1. Cellulose aerogels
        
        6.3.7.2.5.1.1. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels
        6.3.7.2.5.1.2. Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels
        6.3.7.2.5.1.3. Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.5.2. Lignin aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.5.3. Alginate aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.5.4. Starch aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.5.5. Chitosan aerogels
    - 6.3.7.2.6. Carbon aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.6.1. Carbon nanotube aerogels
      - 6.3.7.2.6.2. Graphene and graphite aerogels
    - 6.3.7.2.7. Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
      - 6.3.7.2.7.1. Carbon nitride
      - 6.3.7.2.7.2. Gold
      - 6.3.7.2.7.3. Cellulose
      - 6.3.7.2.7.4. Graphene oxide
    - 6.3.7.2.8. Hybrid aerogels
6.4. Carbon capture and utilization
- 6.4.1. Overview
- 6.4.2. Market structure
- 6.4.3. CCUS technologies in the cement industry
- 6.4.4. Products
  - 6.4.4.1. Carbonated aggregates
  - 6.4.4.2. Additives during mixing
  - 6.4.4.3. Carbonates from natural minerals
  - 6.4.4.4. Carbonates from waste
- 6.4.5. Concrete curing
- 6.4.6. Costs
- 6.4.7. Challenges
6.5. Green steel
- 6.5.1. Current Steelmaking processes
  - 6.5.1.1.1. Capturing then sequestering or utilizing carbon emissions from conventional steel mills
- 6.5.2. Decarbonization target and policies
  - 6.5.2.1. EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
- 6.5.3. Advances in clean production technologies
- 6.5.4. Production technologies
  - 6.5.4.1. The role of hydrogen
  - 6.5.4.2. Comparative analysis
  - 6.5.4.3. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
  - 6.5.4.4. Electrolysis
  - 6.5.4.5. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
  - 6.5.4.6. Biochar replacing coke
  - 6.5.4.7. Hydrogen Blast Furnace
  - 6.5.4.8. Renewable energy powered processes
  - 6.5.4.9. Flash ironmaking
  - 6.5.4.10. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction
  - 6.5.4.11. Ferrous Bioprocessing
  - 6.5.4.12. Microwave Processing
  - 6.5.4.13. Additive Manufacturing
  - 6.5.4.14. Technology readiness level (TRL)
- 6.5.5. Properties
6.6. Markets and applications
- 6.6.1. Residential Buildings
- 6.6.2. Commercial and Office Buildings
- 6.6.3. Infrastructure
6.7. Company profiles 1011 (144 company profiles)

7. BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS

7.1. Market overview
- 7.1.1. Current global packaging market and materials
- 7.1.2. Market trends
- 7.1.3. Drivers for recent growth in bioplastics in packaging
- 7.1.4. Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
7.2. Materials
- 7.2.1. Materials innovation
- 7.2.2. Active packaging
- 7.2.3. Monomaterial packaging
- 7.2.4. Conventional polymer materials used in packaging
  - 7.2.4.1. Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene
  - 7.2.4.2. PET and other polyester polymers
  - 7.2.4.3. Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging
  - 7.2.4.4. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
  - 7.2.4.5. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
  - 7.2.4.6. End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging
7.3. Synthetic bio-based packaging materials
- 7.3.1. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
  - 7.3.1.1. Properties
  - 7.3.1.2. Applicaitons
- 7.3.2. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
  - 7.3.2.1. Properties
  - 7.3.2.2. Applications
  - 7.3.2.3. Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging
  - 7.3.2.4. Challenges and Limitations
- 7.3.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
  - 7.3.3.1. Production Process
  - 7.3.3.2. Properties
  - 7.3.3.3. Applications
  - 7.3.3.4. Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging
  - 7.3.3.5. Challenges and Limitations
- 7.3.4. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
  - 7.3.4.1. Properties
  - 7.3.4.2. Applications
  - 7.3.4.3. Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging
  - 7.3.4.4. Challenges and Limitations
- 7.3.5. Bio-PA
  - 7.3.5.1. Properties
  - 7.3.5.2. Applications in Packaging
  - 7.3.5.3. Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging
  - 7.3.5.4. Challenges and Limitations
- 7.3.6. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
  - 7.3.6.1. Properties
  - 7.3.6.2. Applications in Packaging
  - 7.3.6.3. Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging
  - 7.3.6.4. Challenges and Limitations
- 7.3.7. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
  - 7.3.7.1. Properties
  - 7.3.7.2. Applications in Packaging
  - 7.3.7.3. Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging
  - 7.3.7.4. Challenges and Limitations
- 7.3.8. Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
  - 7.3.8.1. Properties
  - 7.3.8.2. Applications in Packaging
  - 7.3.8.3. Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging
  - 7.3.8.4. Challenges and Limitations
7.4. Natural bio-based packaging materials
- 7.4.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
  - 7.4.1.1. Properties
  - 7.4.1.2. Applications in Packaging
  - 7.4.1.3. Advantages of PHA in Packaging
  - 7.4.1.4. Challenges and Limitations
- 7.4.2. Starch-based blends
  - 7.4.2.1. Properties
  - 7.4.2.2. Applications in Packaging
  - 7.4.2.3. Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging
  - 7.4.2.4. Challenges and Limitations
- 7.4.3. Cellulose
  - 7.4.3.1. Feedstocks
    - 7.4.3.1.1. Wood
    - 7.4.3.1.2. Plant
    - 7.4.3.1.3. Tunicate
    - 7.4.3.1.4. Algae
    - 7.4.3.1.5. Bacteria
  - 7.4.3.2. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
    - 7.4.3.2.1. Properties
  - 7.4.3.3. Nanocellulose
    - 7.4.3.3.1. Cellulose nanocrystals
      - 7.4.3.3.1.1. Applications in packaging
    - 7.4.3.3.2. Cellulose nanofibers
      - 7.4.3.3.2.1. Applications in packaging
        
        7.4.3.3.2.1.1. Reinforcement and barrier
        7.4.3.3.2.1.2. Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
        7.4.3.3.2.1.3. Paperboard coatings
    - 7.4.3.3.3. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
      - 7.4.3.3.3.1. Applications in packaging
- 7.4.4. Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
- 7.4.5. Lipids and waxes for packaging
- 7.4.6. Seaweed-based packaging
  - 7.4.6.1. Production
  - 7.4.6.2. Applications in packaging
  - 7.4.6.3. Producers
- 7.4.7. Mycelium
  - 7.4.7.1. Applications in packaging
- 7.4.8. Chitosan
  - 7.4.8.1. Applications in packaging
- 7.4.9. Bio-naphtha
  - 7.4.9.1. Overview
  - 7.4.9.2. Markets and applications
7.5. Applications
- 7.5.1. Paper and board packaging
- 7.5.2. Food packaging
  - 7.5.2.1. Bio-Based films and trays
  - 7.5.2.2. Bio-Based pouches and bags
  - 7.5.2.3. Bio-Based textiles and nets
  - 7.5.2.4. Bioadhesives
    - 7.5.2.4.1. Starch
    - 7.5.2.4.2. Cellulose
    - 7.5.2.4.3. Protein-Based
  - 7.5.2.5. Barrier coatings and films
    - 7.5.2.5.1. Polysaccharides
      - 7.5.2.5.1.1. Chitin
      - 7.5.2.5.1.2. Chitosan
      - 7.5.2.5.1.3. Starch
    - 7.5.2.5.2. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
    - 7.5.2.5.3. Poly(butylene Succinate)
    - 7.5.2.5.4. Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
  - 7.5.2.6. Active and Smart Food Packaging
    - 7.5.2.6.1. Active Materials and Packaging Systems
    - 7.5.2.6.2. Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
  - 7.5.2.7. Antimicrobial films and agents
    - 7.5.2.7.1. Natural
    - 7.5.2.7.2. Inorganic nanoparticles
    - 7.5.2.7.3. Biopolymers
  - 7.5.2.8. Bio-based Inks and Dyes
  - 7.5.2.9. Edible films and coatings
7.6. Biobased films and coatings in packaging
- 7.6.1. Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
- 7.6.2. Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
  - 7.6.2.1. Polyurethane coatings
    - 7.6.2.1.1. Properties
    - 7.6.2.1.2. Bio-based polyurethane coatings
    - 7.6.2.1.3. Products
  - 7.6.2.2. Acrylate resins
    - 7.6.2.2.1. Properties
    - 7.6.2.2.2. Bio-based acrylates
    - 7.6.2.2.3. Products
  - 7.6.2.3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    - 7.6.2.3.1. Properties
    - 7.6.2.3.2. Bio-PLA coatings and films
  - 7.6.2.4. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
  - 7.6.2.5. Cellulose coatings and films
    - 7.6.2.5.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
    - 7.6.2.5.2. Cellulose nanofibers
      - 7.6.2.5.2.1. Properties
      - 7.6.2.5.2.2. Product developers
  - 7.6.2.6. Lignin coatings
  - 7.6.2.7. Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
    - 7.6.2.7.1. Plant derived proteins
    - 7.6.2.7.2. Animal origin proteins
7.7. Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
- 7.7.1. Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
- 7.7.2. CO2-derived polymers and plastics
- 7.7.3. CO2 utilization products
7.8. Global biobased packaging markets
- 7.8.1. Flexible packaging
- 7.8.2. Rigid packaging
- 7.8.3. Coatings and films
7.9. Company profiles 1228 (207 company profiles)

8. SUSTAINABLE TEXTILES AND APPAREL

8.1. Types of bio-based fibres
- 8.1.1. Natural fibres
- 8.1.2. Main-made bio-based fibres
8.2. Bio-based synthetics
8.3. Recyclability of bio-based fibres
8.4. Lyocell
8.5. Bacterial cellulose
8.6. Algae textiles
8.7. Bio-based leather
- 8.7.1. Properties of bio-based leathers
  - 8.7.1.1. Tear strength.
  - 8.7.1.2. Tensile strength
  - 8.7.1.3. Bally flexing
- 8.7.2. Comparison with conventional leathers
- 8.7.3. Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
- 8.7.4. Plant-based leather
  - 8.7.4.1. Overview
  - 8.7.4.2. Production processes
    - 8.7.4.2.1. Feedstocks
      - 8.7.4.2.1.1. Agriculture Residues
      - 8.7.4.2.1.2. Food Processing Waste
      - 8.7.4.2.1.3. Invasive Plants
      - 8.7.4.2.1.4. Culture-Grown Inputs
    - 8.7.4.2.2. Textile-Based
    - 8.7.4.2.3. Bio-Composite
  - 8.7.4.3. Products
  - 8.7.4.4. Market players
- 8.7.5. Mycelium leather
  - 8.7.5.1. Overview
  - 8.7.5.2. Production process
    - 8.7.5.2.1. Growth conditions
    - 8.7.5.2.2. Tanning Mycelium Leather
    - 8.7.5.2.3. Dyeing Mycelium Leather
  - 8.7.5.3. Products
  - 8.7.5.4. Market players
- 8.7.6. Microbial leather
  - 8.7.6.1. Overview
  - 8.7.6.2. Production process
  - 8.7.6.3. Fermentation conditions
  - 8.7.6.4. Harvesting
  - 8.7.6.5. Products
  - 8.7.6.6. Market players
- 8.7.7. Lab grown leather
  - 8.7.7.1. Overview
  - 8.7.7.2. Production process
  - 8.7.7.3. Products
  - 8.7.7.4. Market players
- 8.7.8. Protein-based leather
  - 8.7.8.1. Overview
  - 8.7.8.2. Production process
  - 8.7.8.3. Commercial activity
- 8.7.9. Sustainable textiles coatings and dyes
  - 8.7.9.1. Overview
    - 8.7.9.1.1. Coatings
    - 8.7.9.1.2. Dyes
  - 8.7.9.2. Commercial activity
8.8. Markets
- 8.8.1. Footwear
- 8.8.2. Fashion & Accessories
- 8.8.3. Automotive & Transport
- 8.8.4. Furniture
8.9. Global market revenues
- 8.9.1. By region
- 8.9.2. By end use market
8.10. Company profiles 1444 (67 company profiles)

9. BIOBASED COATINGS AND RESINS

9.1. Drop-in replacements
9.2. Bio-based resins
9.3. Reducing carbon footprint in industrial and protective coatings
9.4. Market drivers
9.5. Challenges using bio-based coatings
9.6. Types
- 9.6.1. Eco-friendly coatings technologies
  - 9.6.1.1. UV-cure
  - 9.6.1.2. Waterborne coatings
  - 9.6.1.3. Treatments with less or no solvents
  - 9.6.1.4. Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
  - 9.6.1.5. Powder coatings
  - 9.6.1.6. High solid (HS) coatings
  - 9.6.1.7. Use of bio-based materials in coatings
    - 9.6.1.7.1. Biopolymers
    - 9.6.1.7.2. Coatings based on agricultural waste
    - 9.6.1.7.3. Vegetable oils and fatty acids
    - 9.6.1.7.4. Proteins
    - 9.6.1.7.5. Cellulose
    - 9.6.1.7.6. Plant-Based wax coatings
- 9.6.2. Barrier coatings
  - 9.6.2.1. Polysaccharides
    - 9.6.2.1.1. Chitin
    - 9.6.2.1.2. Chitosan
    - 9.6.2.1.3. Starch
  - 9.6.2.2. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
  - 9.6.2.3. Poly(butylene Succinate
  - 9.6.2.4. Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
- 9.6.3. Alkyd coatings
  - 9.6.3.1. Alkyd resin properties
  - 9.6.3.2. Bio-based alkyd coatings
  - 9.6.3.3. Products
- 9.6.4. Polyurethane coatings
  - 9.6.4.1. Properties
  - 9.6.4.2. Bio-based polyurethane coatings
    - 9.6.4.2.1. Bio-based polyols
    - 9.6.4.2.2. Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)
  - 9.6.4.3. Products
- 9.6.5. Epoxy coatings
  - 9.6.5.1. Properties
  - 9.6.5.2. Bio-based epoxy coatings
  - 9.6.5.3. Prod
  - 9.6.5.4. Products
- 9.6.6. Acrylate resins
  - 9.6.6.1. Properties
  - 9.6.6.2. Bio-based acrylates
  - 9.6.6.3. Products
- 9.6.7. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
  - 9.6.7.1. Properties
  - 9.6.7.2. Bio-PLA coatings and films
- 9.6.8. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
  - 9.6.8.1. Properties
  - 9.6.8.2. PHA coatings
  - 9.6.8.3. Commercially available PHAs
- 9.6.9. Cellulose
  - 9.6.9.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
    - 9.6.9.1.1. Properties
    - 9.6.9.1.2. Applications in coatings
  - 9.6.9.2. Cellulose nanofibers
    - 9.6.9.2.1. Properties
    - 9.6.9.2.2. Applications in coatings
  - 9.6.9.3. Cellulose nanocrystals
  - 9.6.9.4. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
- 9.6.10. Rosins
- 9.6.11. Bio-based carbon black
  - 9.6.11.1. Lignin-based
  - 9.6.11.2. Algae-based
- 9.6.12. Lignin coatings
- 9.6.13. Edible films and coatings
- 9.6.14. Antimicrobial films and agents
  - 9.6.14.1. Natural
  - 9.6.14.2. Inorganic nanoparticles
  - 9.6.14.3. Biopolymers
- 9.6.15. Nanocoatings
- 9.6.16. Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
  - 9.6.16.1. Plant derived proteins
  - 9.6.16.2. Animal origin proteins
- 9.6.17. Algal coatings
- 9.6.18. Polypeptides
- 9.6.19. Global market revenues
9.7. Company profiles 1562 (168 company profiles)

10. BIOFUELS

10.1. Comparison to fossil fuels
10.2. Role in the circular economy
10.3. Market drivers
10.4. Market challenges
10.5. Liquid biofuels market
- 10.5.1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022
- 10.5.2. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production.
10.6. The global biofuels market
- 10.6.1. Diesel substitutes and alternatives
- 10.6.2. Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
10.7. SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
10.8. Comparison of biofuel costs 2023, by type
10.9. Types
- 10.9.1. Solid Biofuels
- 10.9.2. Liquid Biofuels
- 10.9.3. Gaseous Biofuels
- 10.9.4. Conventional Biofuels
- 10.9.5. Advanced Biofuels
10.10. Feedstocks
- 10.10.1. First-generation (1-G)
- 10.10.2. Second-generation (2-G)
  - 10.10.2.1. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
  - 10.10.2.2. Biorefinery lignin
- 10.10.3. Third-generation (3-G)
  - 10.10.3.1. Algal biofuels
    - 10.10.3.1.1. Properties
    - 10.10.3.1.2. Advantages
- 10.10.4. Fourth-generation (4-G)
- 10.10.5. Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
- 10.10.6. Energy crops
  - 10.10.6.1. Feedstocks
  - 10.10.6.2. SWOT analysis
- 10.10.7. Agricultural residues
  - 10.10.7.1. Feedstocks
  - 10.10.7.2. SWOT analysis
- 10.10.8. Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
  - 10.10.8.1. Processing pathways
  - 10.10.8.2. SWOT analysis
- 10.10.9. Forestry and wood waste
  - 10.10.9.1. Feedstocks
  - 10.10.9.2. SWOT analysis
- 10.10.10. Feedstock costs
10.11. Hydrocarbon biofuels
- 10.11.1. Biodiesel
  - 10.11.1.1. Biodiesel by generation
  - 10.11.1.2. SWOT analysis
  - 10.11.1.3. Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
    - 10.11.1.3.1. Pyrolysis of biomass
    - 10.11.1.3.2. Vegetable oil transesterification
    - 10.11.1.3.3. Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
      - 10.11.1.3.3.1. Production process
    - 10.11.1.3.4. Biodiesel from tall oil
    - 10.11.1.3.5. Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
    - 10.11.1.3.6. Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
    - 10.11.1.3.7. CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
    - 10.11.1.3.8. Dymethyl ether (DME)
  - 10.11.1.4. Prices
  - 10.11.1.5. Global production and consumption
- 10.11.2. Renewable diesel
  - 10.11.2.1. Production
  - 10.11.2.2. SWOT analysis
  - 10.11.2.3. Global consumption
  - 10.11.2.4. Prices
- 10.11.3. Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
  - 10.11.3.1. Description
  - 10.11.3.2. SWOT analysis
  - 10.11.3.3. Global production and consumption
  - 10.11.3.4. Production pathways
  - 10.11.3.5. Prices
  - 10.11.3.6. Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
  - 10.11.3.7. Market challenges
  - 10.11.3.8. Global consumption
- 10.11.4. Bio-naphtha
  - 10.11.4.1. Overview
  - 10.11.4.2. SWOT analysis
  - 10.11.4.3. Markets and applications
  - 10.11.4.4. Prices
  - 10.11.4.5. Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
  - 10.11.4.6. Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned
10.12. Alcohol fuels
- 10.12.1. Biomethanol
  - 10.12.1.1. SWOT analysis
  - 10.12.1.2. Methanol-to gasoline technology
    - 10.12.1.2.1. Production processes
      - 10.12.1.2.1.1. Anaerobic digestion
      - 10.12.1.2.1.2. Biomass gasification
      - 10.12.1.2.1.3. Power to Methane
- 10.12.2. Ethanol
  - 10.12.2.1. Technology description
  - 10.12.2.2. 1G Bio-Ethanol
  - 10.12.2.3. SWOT analysis
  - 10.12.2.4. Ethanol to jet fuel technology
  - 10.12.2.5. Methanol from pulp & paper production
  - 10.12.2.6. Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
  - 10.12.2.7. Gasification
    - 10.12.2.7.1. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    - 10.12.2.7.2. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  - 10.12.2.8. CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
  - 10.12.2.9. Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
    - 10.12.2.9.1. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
    - 10.12.2.9.2. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
    - 10.12.2.9.3. Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
    - 10.12.2.9.4. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
    - 10.12.2.9.5. Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
  - 10.12.2.10. Global ethanol consumption
- 10.12.3. Biobutanol
  - 10.12.3.1. Production
  - 10.12.3.2. Prices
10.13. Biomass-based Gas
- 10.13.1. Feedstocks
  - 10.13.1.1. Biomethane
  - 10.13.1.2. Production pathways
    - 10.13.1.2.1. Landfill gas recovery
    - 10.13.1.2.2. Anaerobic digestion
    - 10.13.1.2.3. Thermal gasification
  - 10.13.1.3. SWOT analysis
  - 10.13.1.4. Global production
  - 10.13.1.5. Prices
    - 10.13.1.5.1. Raw Biogas
    - 10.13.1.5.2. Upgraded Biomethane
  - 10.13.1.6. Bio-LNG
    - 10.13.1.6.1. Markets
      - 10.13.1.6.1.1. Trucks
      - 10.13.1.6.1.2. Marine
    - 10.13.1.6.2. Production
    - 10.13.1.6.3. Plants
  - 10.13.1.7. bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
  - 10.13.1.8. Carbon capture from biogas
- 10.13.2. Biosyngas
  - 10.13.2.1. Production
  - 10.13.2.2. Prices
- 10.13.3. Biohydrogen
  - 10.13.3.1. Description
  - 10.13.3.2. SWOT analysis
  - 10.13.3.3. Production of biohydrogen from biomass
    - 10.13.3.3.1. Biological Conversion Routes
      - 10.13.3.3.1.1. Bio-photochemical Reaction
      - 10.13.3.3.1.2. Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
    - 10.13.3.3.2. Thermochemical conversion routes
      - 10.13.3.3.2.1. Biomass Gasification
      - 10.13.3.3.2.2. Biomass Pyrolysis
      - 10.13.3.3.2.3. Biomethane Reforming
  - 10.13.3.4. Applications
  - 10.13.3.5. Prices
- 10.13.4. Biochar in biogas production
- 10.13.5. Bio-DME
10.14. Chemical recycling for biofuels
- 10.14.1. Plastic pyrolysis
- 10.14.2. Used tires pyrolysis
  - 10.14.2.1. Conversion to biofuel
- 10.14.3. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
- 10.14.4. Gasification
  - 10.14.4.1. Syngas conversion to methanol
  - 10.14.4.2. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
  - 10.14.4.3. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
- 10.14.5. Hydrothermal cracking
- 10.14.6. SWOT analysis
10.15. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
- 10.15.1. Introduction
- 10.15.2. Benefits of e-fuels
- 10.15.3. Feedstocks
  - 10.15.3.1. Hydrogen electrolysis
  - 10.15.3.2. CO2 capture
- 10.15.4. SWOT analysis
- 10.15.5. Production
  - 10.15.5.1. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
- 10.15.6. Electrolysers
  - 10.15.6.1. Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
  - 10.15.6.2. PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
  - 10.15.6.3. High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
- 10.15.7. Prices
- 10.15.8. Market challenges
- 10.15.9. Companies
10.16. Algae-derived biofuels
- 10.16.1. Technology description
- 10.16.2. Conversion pathways
- 10.16.3. SWOT analysis
- 10.16.4. Production
- 10.16.5. Market challenges
- 10.16.6. Prices
- 10.16.7. Producers
10.17. Green Ammonia
- 10.17.1. Production
  - 10.17.1.1. Decarbonisation of ammonia production
  - 10.17.1.2. Green ammonia projects
- 10.17.2. Green ammonia synthesis methods
  - 10.17.2.1. Haber-Bosch process
  - 10.17.2.2. Biological nitrogen fixation
  - 10.17.2.3. Electrochemical production
  - 10.17.2.4. Chemical looping processes
- 10.17.3. SWOT analysis
- 10.17.4. Blue ammonia
  - 10.17.4.1. Blue ammonia projects
- 10.17.5. Markets and applications
  - 10.17.5.1. Chemical energy storage
    - 10.17.5.1.1. Ammonia fuel cells
  - 10.17.5.2. Marine fuel
- 10.17.6. Prices
- 10.17.7. Estimated market demand
- 10.17.8. Companies and projects
10.18. Biofuels from carbon capture
- 10.18.1. Overview
- 10.18.2. CO2 capture from point sources
- 10.18.3. Production routes
- 10.18.4. SWOT analysis
- 10.18.5. Direct air capture (DAC)
  - 10.18.5.1. Description
  - 10.18.5.2. Deployment
  - 10.18.5.3. Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
  - 10.18.5.4. Technologies
    - 10.18.5.4.1. Solid sorbents
    - 10.18.5.4.2. Liquid sorbents
    - 10.18.5.4.3. Liquid solvents
    - 10.18.5.4.4. Airflow equipment integration
    - 10.18.5.4.5. Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
    - 10.18.5.4.6. Direct conversion
    - 10.18.5.4.7. Co-product generation
    - 10.18.5.4.8. Low Temperature DAC
    - 10.18.5.4.9. Regeneration methods
  - 10.18.5.5. Commercialization and plants
  - 10.18.5.6. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
  - 10.18.5.7. DAC plants and projects-current and planned
  - 10.18.5.8. Markets for DAC
  - 10.18.5.9. Costs
  - 10.18.5.10. Challenges
  - 10.18.5.11. Players and production
- 10.18.6. Carbon utilization for biofuels
  - 10.18.6.1. Production routes
    - 10.18.6.1.1. Electrolyzers
    - 10.18.6.1.2. Low-carbon hydrogen
  - 10.18.6.2. Products & applications
    - 10.18.6.2.1. Vehicles
    - 10.18.6.2.2. Shipping
    - 10.18.6.2.3. Aviation
    - 10.18.6.2.4. Costs
    - 10.18.6.2.5. Ethanol
    - 10.18.6.2.6. Methanol
    - 10.18.6.2.7. Sustainable Aviation Fuel
    - 10.18.6.2.8. Methane
    - 10.18.6.2.9. Algae based biofuels
    - 10.18.6.2.10. CO2-fuels from solar
  - 10.18.6.3. Challenges
  - 10.18.6.4. SWOT analysis
  - 10.18.6.5. Companies
10.19. Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
- 10.19.1. Description
  - 10.19.1.1. Advantages of bio-oils
- 10.19.2. Production
  - 10.19.2.1. Fast Pyrolysis
  - 10.19.2.2. Costs of production
  - 10.19.2.3. Upgrading
- 10.19.3. SWOT analysis
- 10.19.4. Applications
- 10.19.5. Bio-oil producers
- 10.19.6. Prices
10.20. Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)
- 10.20.1. Overview
- 10.20.2. Production
  - 10.20.2.1. Production process
  - 10.20.2.2. Mechanical biological treatment
- 10.20.3. Markets
10.21. Company profiles 1899 (211 company profiles)

11. SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS

11.1. Overview
- 11.1.1. Green electronics manufacturing
- 11.1.2. Drivers for sustainable electronics
- 11.1.3. Environmental Impacts of Electronics Manufacturing
  - 11.1.3.1. E-Waste Generation
  - 11.1.3.2. Carbon Emissions
  - 11.1.3.3. Resource Utilization
  - 11.1.3.4. Waste Minimization
  - 11.1.3.5. Supply Chain Impacts
- 11.1.4. New opportunities from sustainable electronics
- 11.1.5. Regulations
  - 11.1.5.1. Certifications
- 11.1.6. Powering sustainable electronics (Bio-based batteries)
- 11.1.7. Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts
11.2. Green electronics manufacturing
- 11.2.1. Conventional electronics manufacturing
- 11.2.2. Benefits of Green Electronics manufacturing
- 11.2.3. Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
- 11.2.4. Approaches
  - 11.2.4.1. Closed-Loop Manufacturing
  - 11.2.4.2. Digital Manufacturing
    - 11.2.4.2.1. Advanced robotics & automation
    - 11.2.4.2.2. AI & machine learning analytics
    - 11.2.4.2.3. Internet of Things (IoT)
    - 11.2.4.2.4. Additive manufacturing
    - 11.2.4.2.5. Virtual prototyping
    - 11.2.4.2.6. Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability
  - 11.2.4.3. Renewable Energy Usage
  - 11.2.4.4. Energy Efficiency
  - 11.2.4.5. Materials Efficiency
  - 11.2.4.6. Sustainable Chemistry
  - 11.2.4.7. Recycled Materials
    - 11.2.4.7.1. Advanced chemical recycling
  - 11.2.4.8. Bio-Based Materials
- 11.2.5. Greening the Supply Chain
  - 11.2.5.1. Key focus areas
  - 11.2.5.2. Sustainability activities from major electronics brands
  - 11.2.5.3. Key challenges
  - 11.2.5.4. Use of digital technologies
- 11.2.6. Sustainable Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing
  - 11.2.6.1. Conventional PCB manufacturing
  - 11.2.6.2. Trends in PCBs
    - 11.2.6.2.1. High-Speed PCBs
    - 11.2.6.2.2. Flexible PCBs
    - 11.2.6.2.3. 3D Printed PCBs
    - 11.2.6.2.4. Sustainable PCBs
  - 11.2.6.3. Reconciling sustainability with performance
  - 11.2.6.4. Sustainable supply chains
  - 11.2.6.5. Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
    - 11.2.6.5.1. Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
  - 11.2.6.6. Design of PCBs for sustainability
    - 11.2.6.6.1. Rigid
    - 11.2.6.6.2. Flexible
    - 11.2.6.6.3. Additive manufacturing
    - 11.2.6.6.4. In-mold elctronics (IME)
  - 11.2.6.7. Materials
    - 11.2.6.7.1. Metal cores
    - 11.2.6.7.2. Recycled laminates
    - 11.2.6.7.3. Conductive inks
    - 11.2.6.7.4. Green and lead-free solder
    - 11.2.6.7.5. Biodegradable substrates
      - 11.2.6.7.5.1. Bacterial Cellulose
      - 11.2.6.7.5.2. Mycelium
      - 11.2.6.7.5.3. Lignin
      - 11.2.6.7.5.4. Cellulose Nanofibers
      - 11.2.6.7.5.5. Soy Protein
      - 11.2.6.7.5.6. Algae
      - 11.2.6.7.5.7. PHAs
    - 11.2.6.7.6. Biobased inks
  - 11.2.6.8. Substrates
    - 11.2.6.8.1. Halogen-free FR4
      - 11.2.6.8.1.1. FR4 limitations
      - 11.2.6.8.1.2. FR4 alternatives
      - 11.2.6.8.1.3. Bio-Polyimide
    - 11.2.6.8.2. Metal-core PCBs
    - 11.2.6.8.3. Biobased PCBs
      - 11.2.6.8.3.1. Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
      - 11.2.6.8.3.2. Recent commercial activity
    - 11.2.6.8.4. Paper-based PCBs
    - 11.2.6.8.5. PCBs without solder mask
    - 11.2.6.8.6. Thinner dielectrics
    - 11.2.6.8.7. Recycled plastic substrates
    - 11.2.6.8.8. Flexible substrates
  - 11.2.6.9. Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
    - 11.2.6.9.1. Introduction
    - 11.2.6.9.2. Issues with sustainability
    - 11.2.6.9.3. Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
    - 11.2.6.9.4. Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
    - 11.2.6.9.5. Print-and-plate
    - 11.2.6.9.6. Approaches
      - 11.2.6.9.6.1. Direct Printed Electronics
      - 11.2.6.9.6.2. Photonic Sintering
      - 11.2.6.9.6.3. Biometallization
      - 11.2.6.9.6.4. Plating Resist Alternatives
      - 11.2.6.9.6.5. Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
      - 11.2.6.9.6.6. Electrohydrodynamic Printing
      - 11.2.6.9.6.7. Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs
      - 11.2.6.9.6.8. Green electroless plating
      - 11.2.6.9.6.9. Smart Masking
      - 11.2.6.9.6.10. Component Integration
      - 11.2.6.9.6.11. Bio-inspired material deposition
      - 11.2.6.9.6.12. Multi-material jetting
      - 11.2.6.9.6.13. Vacuumless deposition
      - 11.2.6.9.6.14. Upcycling waste streams
  - 11.2.6.10. Sustainable attachment and integration of components
    - 11.2.6.10.1. Conventional component attachment materials
    - 11.2.6.10.2. Materials
      - 11.2.6.10.2.1. Conductive adhesives
      - 11.2.6.10.2.2. Biodegradable adhesives
      - 11.2.6.10.2.3. Magnets
      - 11.2.6.10.2.4. Bio-based solders
      - 11.2.6.10.2.5. Bio-derived solders
      - 11.2.6.10.2.6. Recycled plastics
      - 11.2.6.10.2.7. Nano adhesives
      - 11.2.6.10.2.8. Shape memory polymers
      - 11.2.6.10.2.9. Photo-reversible polymers
      - 11.2.6.10.2.10. Conductive biopolymers
    - 11.2.6.10.3. Processes
      - 11.2.6.10.3.1. Traditional thermal processing methods
      - 11.2.6.10.3.2. Low temperature solder
      - 11.2.6.10.3.3. Reflow soldering
      - 11.2.6.10.3.4. Induction soldering
      - 11.2.6.10.3.5. UV curing
      - 11.2.6.10.3.6. Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
      - 11.2.6.10.3.7. Photonic sintering/curing
      - 11.2.6.10.3.8. Hybrid integration
- 11.2.7. Sustainable integrated circuits
  - 11.2.7.1. IC manufacturing
  - 11.2.7.2. Sustainable IC manufacturing
  - 11.2.7.3. Wafer production
    - 11.2.7.3.1. Silicon
    - 11.2.7.3.2. Gallium nitride ICs
    - 11.2.7.3.3. Flexible ICs
    - 11.2.7.3.4. Fully printed organic ICs
  - 11.2.7.4. Oxidation methods
    - 11.2.7.4.1. Sustainable oxidation
    - 11.2.7.4.2. Metal oxides
    - 11.2.7.4.3. Recycling
    - 11.2.7.4.4. Thin gate oxide layers
  - 11.2.7.5. Patterning and doping
    - 11.2.7.5.1. Processes
      - 11.2.7.5.1.1. Wet etching
      - 11.2.7.5.1.2. Dry plasma etching
      - 11.2.7.5.1.3. Lift-off patterning
      - 11.2.7.5.1.4. Surface doping
  - 11.2.7.6. Metallization
    - 11.2.7.6.1. Evaporation
    - 11.2.7.6.2. Plating
    - 11.2.7.6.3. Printing
      - 11.2.7.6.3.1. Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors
    - 11.2.7.6.4. Physical vapour deposition (PVD)
- 11.2.8. End of life
  - 11.2.8.1. Hazardous waste
  - 11.2.8.2. Emissions
  - 11.2.8.3. Water Usage
  - 11.2.8.4. Recycling
    - 11.2.8.4.1. Mechanical recycling
    - 11.2.8.4.2. Electro-Mechanical Separation
    - 11.2.8.4.3. Chemical Recycling
  - 11.2.8.5. Electrochemical Processes
    - 11.2.8.5.1. Thermal Recycling
  - 11.2.8.6. Green Certification
11.3. Global market
- 11.3.1. Global PCB manufacturing industry
  - 11.3.1.1. PCB revenues
- 11.3.2. Sustainable PCBs
- 11.3.3. Sustainable ICs
11.4. Company profiles 2157 (45 company profiles)

12. BIOBASED ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

12.1. Overview
- 12.1.1. Biobased Epoxy Adhesives
- 12.1.2. Bioobased Polyurethane Adhesives
- 12.1.3. Other Biobased Adhesives and Sealants
12.2. Types
- 12.2.1. Cellulose-Based
- 12.2.2. Starch-Based
- 12.2.3. Lignin-Based
- 12.2.4. Vegetable Oils
- 12.2.5. Protein-Based
- 12.2.6. Tannin-Based
- 12.2.7. Algae-based
- 12.2.8. Chitosan-based
- 12.2.9. Natural Rubber-based
- 12.2.10. Silkworm Silk-based
- 12.2.11. Mussel Protein-based
- 12.2.12. Soy-based Foam
12.3. Global revenues
- 12.3.1. By types
- 12.3.2. By market
12.4. Company profiles (15 company profiles)

13. REFERENCES

簡介目錄圖表

List of Tables

Table 1. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 2. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 3. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 4. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
Table 5. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
Table 6. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals
Table 7. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
Table 8. Applications of bio-based HDMA
Table 9. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
Table 10. Applications of DN5
Table 11. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide
Table 12. Applications of bio-based isosorbide
Table 13. Lactide applications
Table 14. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid
Table 15. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid
Table 16. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP
Table 17. Applications of 3-HP
Table 18. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid
Table 19. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
Table 20. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid
Table 21. Applications of succinic acid
Table 22. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO)
Table 23. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
Table 24. Applications of bio-based adipic acid
Table 25. Applications of bio-based caprolactam
Table 26. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol
Table 27. Applications of bio-based isobutanol
Table 28. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene
Table 29. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene
Table 30. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA)
Table 31. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol
Table 32. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol
Table 33. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG
Table 34. Applications of bio-based MEG
Table 35. Biobased MEG producers capacities
Table 36. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol
Table 37. Applications of bio-based ethanol
Table 38. Applications of bio-based ethylene
Table 39. Applications of bio-based propylene
Table 40. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride
Table 41. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate
Table 42. Applications of bio-based aniline
Table 43. Applications of biobased fructose
Table 44. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
Table 45. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF)
Table 46. Applications of Levulinic acid
Table 47. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME
Table 48. Applications of FDCA
Table 49. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone
Table 50. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
Table 51. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
Table 52. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol
Table 53. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 54. Lignin aromatic compound products
Table 55. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
Table 56. Lignin products in polymeric materials
Table 57. Application of lignin in plastics and composites
Table 58. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol
Table 59. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG
Table 60. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH
Table 61. Mineral source products and applications
Table 62. Type of biodegradation
Table 63. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics
Table 64. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications
Table 65. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types
Table 66. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 67. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
Table 68. PLA producers and production capacities
Table 69. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China
Table 70. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 71. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
Table 72. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 73. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers
Table 74. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 75. PEF vs. PET
Table 76. FDCA and PEF producers
Table 77. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 78. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities
Table 79. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 80. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands
Table 81. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 82. Leading PBS producers and production capacities
Table 83. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 84. Leading Bio-PE producers
Table 85. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 86. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities
Table 87.Types of PHAs and properties
Table 88. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers
Table 89. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods
Table 90. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
Table 91. Commercially available PHAs
Table 92. Markets and applications for PHAs
Table 93. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
Table 94. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
Table 95. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 96. Leading MFC producers and capacities
Table 97. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)
Table 98. CNC sources, size and yield
Table 99. CNC properties
Table 100. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials
Table 101. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)
Table 102. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis
Table 103: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
Table 104. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
Table 105. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
Table 106. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
Table 107. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
Table 108. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 109. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 110. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 111. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
Table 112. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 113. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics
Table 114. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 115. Global production of bioplastics in 2019-2035, by region, 1,000 tonnes
Table 116. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America
Table 117. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe
Table 118. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific
Table 119. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America
Table 120. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
Table 121. Comparison of bioplastics' (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
Table 122. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
Table 123. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
Table 124. Technical lignin types and applications
Table 125. Classification of technical lignins
Table 126. Lignin content of selected biomass
Table 127. Properties of lignins and their applications
Table 128. Example markets and applications for lignin
Table 129. Processes for lignin production
Table 130. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 131. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
Table 132. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 133. Market drivers and trends for lignin
Table 134. Production capacities of technical lignin producers
Table 135. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
Table 136. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT)
Table 137. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2034 (000 MT)
Table 138. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
Table 139. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers
Table 140. Lactips plastic pellets
Table 141. Oji Holdings CNF products
Table 142. Types of natural fibers
Table 143. Markets and applications for natural fibers
Table 144. Commercially available natural fiber products
Table 145. Market drivers for natural fibers
Table 146. Typical properties of natural fibers
Table 147. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 148. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 149. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 150. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 151. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 152. Overview of ramie fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 153. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 154. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 155. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 156. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 157. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 158. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 159. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 160. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 161. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications
Table 162. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size
Table 163. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 164. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 165. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 166. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 167. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size
Table 168. Next-gen silk producers
Table 169. Companies developing cellulose fibers for application in plastic composites
Table 170. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis
Table 171. Leading MFC producers and capacities
Table 172. Cellulose nanocrystals market overview
Table 173. Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
Table 174. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
Table 175. CNF production capacities and production process, by producer, in metric tons
Table 176. Processing and treatment methods for natural fibers used in plastic composites
Table 177. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers
Table 178. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds
Table 179. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites
Table 180. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites
Table 181. Applications of natural fibers in plastics
Table 182. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry
Table 183. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market
Table 184. Applications of natural fibers in packaging
Table 185. Applications of natural fibers in construction
Table 186. Applications of natural fibers in the appliances market
Table 187. Applications of natural fibers in the consumer electronics market
Table 188. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by end use sector (Billion USD)
Table 189. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by material type (Billion USD)
Table 190. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by plastic type (Billion USD)
Table 191. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by region (Billion USD)
Table 192. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes
Table 193. Oji Holdings CNF products
Table 194. Global trends and drivers in sustainable construction materials
Table 195. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2035 (millions USD)
Table 196. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2035 (millions USD)
Table 197. Established bio-based construction materials
Table 198. Types of self-healing concrete
Table 199. General properties and value of aerogels
Table 200. Key properties of silica aerogels
Table 201. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels
Table 202. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets
Table 203. Main manufacturers of silica aerogels and product offerings
Table 204. Typical structural properties of metal oxide aerogels
Table 205. Polymer aerogels companies
Table 206. Types of biobased aerogels
Table 207. Carbon aerogel companies
Table 208. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Table 209. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 210. Carbonation of recycled concrete companies
Table 211. Current and projected costs for some key CO2 utilization applications in the construction industry
Table 212. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 213. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel
Table 214. Estimated cost for iron and steel industry under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
Table 215. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies
Table 216. Comparison of green steel production technologies
Table 217. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier
Table 218. CCUS in green steel production
Table 219. Biochar in steel and metal
Table 220. Hydrogen blast furnace schematic
Table 221. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking
Table 222. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking
Table 223. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies
Table 224. Properties of Green steels
Table 225. Applications of green steel in the construction industry
Table 226. Market trends in bio-based and sustainable packaging
Table 227. Drivers for recent growth in the bioplastics and biopolymers markets
Table 228. Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
Table 229. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics
Table 230. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
Table 231. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
Table 232. PLA properties for packaging applications
Table 233. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
Table 234. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae
Table 235. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers
Table 236. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC)
Table 237. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging
Table 238. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 239. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 240. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
Table 241. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 242. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 243. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
Table 244. Bio-naphtha market value chain
Table 245. Pros and cons of different type of food packaging materials
Table 246. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications
Table 247. Intelligent Biodegradable Films
Table 248. Edible films and coatings market summary
Table 249. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging
Table 250. Types of polyols
Table 251. Polyol producers
Table 252. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 253. Bio-based acrylate resin products
Table 254. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
Table 255. Commercially available PHAs
Table 256. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
Table 257. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings
Table 258. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
Table 259. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 260. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers
Table 261. Comparison of bioplastics' (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
Table 262. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
Table 263. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
Table 264. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2035 (billions USD), high estimate
Table 265. Lactips plastic pellets
Table 266. Oji Holdings CNF products
Table 267. Properties and applications of the main natural fibres
Table 268. Types of sustainable alternative leathers
Table 269. Properties of bio-based leathers
Table 270. Comparison with conventional leathers
Table 271. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products
Table 272. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers
Table 273. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials
Table 274. Current and emerging plant-based leather products
Table 275. Companies developing plant-based leather products
Table 276. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 277. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products
Table 278. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative
Table 279. Companies developing microbial leather products
Table 280. Companies developing plant-based leather products
Table 281. Types of protein-based leather alternatives
Table 282. Companies developing protein based leather
Table 283. Companies developing sustainable coatings and dyes for leather -
Table 284. Markets and applications for bio-based textiles and leather
Table 285. Applications of biobased leather in furniture and upholstery
Table 286. Global revenues for bio-based textiles by type, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
Table 287. Global revenues for bio-based and sustainable textiles by end use market, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
Table 288. Market drivers and trends in bio-based and sustainable coatings
Table 289. Example envinronmentally friendly coatings, advantages and disadvantages
Table 290. Plant Waxes
Table 291. Types of alkyd resins and properties
Table 292. Market summary for bio-based alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers
Table 293. Bio-based alkyd coating products
Table 294. Types of polyols
Table 295. Polyol producers
Table 296. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 297. Market summary for bio-based epoxy resins
Table 298. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 299. Bio-based acrylate resin products
Table 300. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
Table 301. PLA producers and production capacities
Table 302. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
Table 303.Types of PHAs and properties
Table 304. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
Table 305. Commercially available PHAs
Table 306. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type
Table 307: Types of nanocellulose
Table 308. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons
Table 309. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products
Table 310. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
Table 311. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs
Table 312. Companies developing CNF products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization
Table 313. CNC properties
Table 314: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
Table 315. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
Table 316. Edible films and coatings market summary
Table 317. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
Table 318. Overview of algal coatings-description, properties, application and market size
Table 319. Companies developing algal-based plastics
Table 320. Market revenues for bio-based coatings by market, 2018-2035 (billions USD), conservative estimate
Table 321. Lactips plastic pellets
Table 322. Oji Holdings CNF products
Table 323. Market drivers for biofuels
Table 324. Market challenges for biofuels
Table 325. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production
Table 326. Comparison of biofuels
Table 327. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2023, by type
Table 328. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
Table 329. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
Table 330. Classification of biomass feedstock
Table 331. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 332. Feedstock conversion pathways
Table 333. First-Generation Feedstocks
Table 334. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities
Table 335. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
Table 336. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 337. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol
Table 338. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae
Table 339. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops
Table 340. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation
Table 341. Biodiesel by generation
Table 342. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 343. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 344. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 345. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 346. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel
Table 347. Main producers of HVO and capacities
Table 348. Example commercial Development of BtL processes
Table 349. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes
Table 350. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Table 351. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Table 352. Renewable diesel price ranges
Table 353. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel
Table 354. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel
Table 355. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities
Table 356. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
Table 357. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
Table 358. Bio-naphtha market value chain
Table 359. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products
Table 360. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer
Table 361. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 362. Processes in bioethanol production
Table 363. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic
Table 364. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres)
Table 365. Biogas feedstocks
Table 366. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants
Table 367. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas
Table 368. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
Table 369. Markets and applications for biohydrogen
Table 370. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 371. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 372. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 373. Overview of e-fuels
Table 374. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 375. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 376. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies
Table 377. Market challenges for e-fuels
Table 378. E-fuels companies
Table 379. Algae-derived biofuel producers
Table 380. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
Table 381. Blue ammonia projects
Table 382. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 383. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 384. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 385. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 386. Main players in green ammonia
Table 387. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 388. Point source examples
Table 389. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 390. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 391. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 392. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 393. DAC companies and technologies
Table 394. DAC technology developers and production
Table 395. DAC projects in development
Table 396. Markets for DAC
Table 397. Costs summary for DAC
Table 398. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 399. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 400. DAC companies and technologies
Table 401. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 402. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide
Table 403. CO2-derived fuels projects
Table 404. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2
Table 405. pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion
Table 406. Microalgae products and prices
Table 407. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 408. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels
Table 409. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 410. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils
Table 411. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil
Table 412. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels
Table 413. Markets and applications for bio-oil
Table 414. Bio-oil producers
Table 415. Key resource recovery technologies
Table 416. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
Table 417. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes
Table 418. Key factors driving adoption of green electronics
Table 419. Key circular economy strategies for electronics
Table 420. Regulations pertaining to green electronics
Table 421. Companies developing bio-based batteries for application in sustainable electronics
Table 422. Benefits of Green Electronics Manufacturing
Table 423. Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
Table 424. Major chipmakers' renewable energy road maps
Table 425. Energy efficiency in sustainable electronics manufacturing
Table 426. Composition of plastic waste streams
Table 427. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
Table 428. Example chemically recycled plastic products
Table 429. Bio-based and non-toxic materials in sustainable electronics
Table 430. Key focus areas for enabling greener and ethically responsible electronics supply chains
Table 431. Sustainability programs and disclosure from major electronics brands
Table 432. PCB manufacturing process
Table 433. Challenges in PCB manufacturing
Table 434. 3D PCB manufacturing
Table 435. Comparison of some sustainable PCB alternatives against conventional options in terms of key performance factors
Table 436. Sustainable PCB supply chain
Table 437. Key areas where the PCB industry can improve sustainability
Table 438. Improving sustainability of PCB design
Table 439. PCB design options for sustainability
Table 440. Sustainability benefits and challenges associated with 3D printing
Table 441. Conductive ink producers
Table 442. Green and lead-free solder companies
Table 443. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs
Table 444. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 445. Application of lignin in composites
Table 446. Properties of lignins and their applications
Table 447. Properties of flexible electronics-cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)
Table 448. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers for electronics
Table 449. Commercially available PHAs
Table 450. Main limitations of the FR4 material system used for manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCBs)
Table 451. Halogen-free FR4 companies
Table 452. Properties of biobased PCBs
Table 453. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
Table 454. Main patterning and metallization steps in PCB fabrication and sustainable options
Table 455. Sustainability issues with conventional metallization processes
Table 456. Benefits of print-and-plate
Table 457. Sustainable alternative options to standard plating resists used in printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication
Table 458. Applications for laser induced forward transfer
Table 459. Copper versus silver inks in laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) for electronics fabrication
Table 460. Approaches for in-situ oxidation prevention
Table 461. Market readiness and maturity of different lead-free solders and electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for electronics manufacturing
Table 462. Advantages of green electroless plating
Table 463. Comparison of component attachment materials
Table 464. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
Table 465. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs
Table 466. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication
Table 467. Comparison of curing and reflow processes used for attaching components in electronics assembly
Table 468. Low temperature solder alloys
Table 469. Thermally sensitive substrate materials
Table 470. Limitations of existing IC production
Table 471. Strategies for improving sustainability in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing
Table 472. Comparison of oxidation methods and level of sustainability
Table 473. Stage of commercialization for oxides
Table 474. Alternative doping techniques
Table 475. Metal content mg / Kg in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) from waste desktop computers
Table 476. Chemical recycling methods for handling electronic waste
Table 477. Electrochemical processes for recycling metals from electronic waste
Table 478. Thermal recycling processes for electronic waste
Table 479. Global PCB revenues 2018-2035 (billions USD), by substrate types
Table 480. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2035, by type (millions USD)
Table 481. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2035, by type (millions USD)
Table 482. Oji Holdings CNF products
Table 483. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
Table 484. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2035 (millions USD)

List of Figures

Figure 1. Schematic of biorefinery processes
Figure 2. Global production of starch for biobased chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 3. Global production of biobased lysine, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 4. Global glucose production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 5. Global production volumes of bio-HMDA, 2018 to 2035 in metric tonnes
Figure 6. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 7. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 8. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 9. Global lactide production, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 10. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 11. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 12. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 13. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 14. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 15. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 16. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 17. Overview of Toray process
Figure 18. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 19. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 20. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 21. Global production of biobased terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 22. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 23. Global production of biobased MEG, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 24. Global production of biobased ethanol, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 25. Global production of biobased ethylene, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 26. Global production of biobased propylene, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 27. Global production of biobased vinyl chloride, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 28. Global production of bio-based Methly methacrylate, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 29. Global production of biobased aniline, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 30. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 31. Global production of biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 32. Global production of biobased 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 33. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 34. Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 35. Global production of biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 36. Global production projections for bio-based levoglucosenone from 2018 to 2035 in metric tonnes:
Figure 37. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 38. Global production of biobased furfural, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 39. Global production of biobased furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 40. Schematic of WISA plywood home
Figure 41. Global production of biobased lignin, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 42. Global production of biobased glycerol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 43. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 44. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 45. Global production of biobased fatty acids, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 46. Global production of biobased sebacic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 47. Global production of biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 48. Global production of biobased Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 49. Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 50. Global production of biobased casein, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes)
Figure 51. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 52. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 53. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 54. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 55. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 56. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 57. Global microalgae production, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 58. Global macroalgae production, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 59. Global production of biogas, 2018-2035 (billion m3)
Figure 60. Global production of syngas, 2018-2035 (billion m3)
Figure 61. formicobio(TM) technology
Figure 62. Domsjo process
Figure 63. TMP-Bio Process
Figure 64. Lignin gel
Figure 65. BioFlex process
Figure 66. LX Process
Figure 67. METNIN(TM) Lignin refining technology
Figure 68. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 69. Precision Photosynthesis(TM) technology
Figure 70. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
Figure 71. UPM biorefinery process
Figure 72. The Proesa-R Process
Figure 73. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 74. Coca-Cola PlantBottle-R
Figure 75. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics
Figure 76. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 77. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 78. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 79. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025
Figure 80. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 81. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 82. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 83. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 84. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 85. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 86. PHA family
Figure 87. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
Figure 88. CNC preparation
Figure 89. Extracting CNC from trees
Figure 90. CNC slurry
Figure 91. CNF gel
Figure 92. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 93. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 94. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 95. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 96. Global production capacities for bioplastics by region 2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes
Figure 97. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes
Figure 98. PHA bioplastics products
Figure 99. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
Figure 100. Production volumes for bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
Figure 101. Global production for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 102. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 103. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 104. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 105. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 106. Biodegradable mulch films
Figure 107. Global production volulmes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 108. High purity lignin
Figure 109. Lignocellulose architecture
Figure 110. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins
Figure 111. The lignocellulose biorefinery
Figure 112. LignoBoost process
Figure 113. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor
Figure 114. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system
Figure 115. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept
Figure 116. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
Figure 117. Organosolv lignin
Figure 118. Hydrolytic lignin powder
Figure 119. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT)
Figure 120. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2035 (000 MT)
Figure 121. Pluumo
Figure 122. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
Figure 123. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel
Figure 124. MEDICELLU(TM)
Figure 125. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
Figure 126. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
Figure 127. CNF nonwoven fabric
Figure 128. Roof frame made of natural fiber
Figure 129. Beyond Leather Materials product
Figure 130. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
Figure 131. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
Figure 132. Fiber-based screw cap
Figure 133. formicobio(TM) technology
Figure 134. nanoforest-S
Figure 135. nanoforest-PDP
Figure 136. nanoforest-MB
Figure 137. sunliquid-R production process
Figure 138. CuanSave film
Figure 139. Celish
Figure 140. Trunk lid incorporating CNF
Figure 141. ELLEX products
Figure 142. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
Figure 143. Kirekira! toilet wipes
Figure 144. Color CNF
Figure 145. Rheocrysta spray
Figure 146. DKS CNF products
Figure 147. Domsjo process
Figure 148. Mushroom leather
Figure 149. CNF based on citrus peel
Figure 150. Citrus cellulose nanofiber
Figure 151. Filler Bank CNC products
Figure 152. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing
Figure 153. TMP-Bio Process
Figure 154. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna
Figure 155. Water-repellent cellulose
Figure 156. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
Figure 157. PHA production process
Figure 158. CNF products from Furukawa Electric
Figure 159. AVAPTM process
Figure 160. GreenPower+(TM) process
Figure 161. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
Figure 162. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer)
Figure 163. CNF gel
Figure 164. Block nanocellulose material
Figure 165. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
Figure 166. Marine leather products
Figure 167. Inner Mettle Milk products
Figure 168. Kami Shoji CNF products
Figure 169. Dual Graft System
Figure 170. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins
Figure 171. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended)
Figure 172. Kel Labs yarn
Figure 173. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side)
Figure 174. Lignin gel
Figure 175. BioFlex process
Figure 176. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee
Figure 177. LX Process
Figure 178. Made of Air's HexChar panels
Figure 179. TransLeather
Figure 180. Chitin nanofiber product
Figure 181. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
Figure 182. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder
Figure 183. METNIN(TM) Lignin refining technology
Figure 184. IPA synthesis method
Figure 185. MOGU-Wave panels
Figure 186. CNF slurries
Figure 187. Range of CNF products
Figure 188. Reishi
Figure 189. Compostable water pod
Figure 190. Leather made from leaves
Figure 191. Nike shoe with beLEAF(TM)
Figure 192. CNF clear sheets
Figure 193. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
Figure 194. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 195. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
Figure 196. XCNF
Figure 197: Plantrose process
Figure 198. LOVR hemp leather
Figure 199. CNF insulation flat plates
Figure 200. Hansa lignin
Figure 201. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
Figure 202. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
Figure 203. 3D printed cellulose shoe
Figure 204. Lyocell process
Figure 205. North Face Spiber Moon Parka
Figure 206. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie
Figure 207. Spider silk production
Figure 208. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
Figure 209. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
Figure 210. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
Figure 211. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
Figure 212. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
Figure 213. Sulapac cosmetics containers
Figure 214. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
Figure 215. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins
Figure 216. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles
Figure 217. Corbion FDCA production process
Figure 218. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF
Figure 219. CNF resin products
Figure 220. UPM biorefinery process
Figure 221. Vegea production process
Figure 222. The Proesa-R Process
Figure 223. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 224. Visolis' Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process
Figure 225. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 226. Worn Again products
Figure 227. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process
Figure 228. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap
Figure 229. Adidas algae-ink tees
Figure 230. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle
Figure 231. Miratex watch bands
Figure 232. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22
Figure 233. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
Figure 234. Types of natural fibers
Figure 235. Luffa cylindrica fiber
Figure 236. Pineapple fiber
Figure 237. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 238. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 239. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose
Figure 240. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel
Figure 241. Car door produced from Hemp fiber
Figure 242. Natural fiber composites in the BMW M4 GT4 racing car
Figure 243. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers
Figure 244. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the automotive market
Figure 245. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the packaging market
Figure 246. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the appliances market
Figure 247. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the appliances market
Figure 248. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the consumer electronics market
Figure 249. SWOT analysis: natural fibers in the furniture market
Figure 250. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by market (Billion USD)
Figure 251. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by material type (Billion USD)
Figure 252. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by plastic type (Billion USD)
Figure 253. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by region (Billion USD)
Figure 254. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
Figure 255. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
Figure 256. CNF nonwoven fabric
Figure 257. Roof frame made of natural fiber
Figure 258.Tras Rei chair incorporating ampliTex fibers
Figure 259. Natural fibres racing seat
Figure 260. Porche Cayman GT4 Clubsport incorporating BComp flax fibers
Figure 261. Fiber-based screw cap
Figure 262. Cellugy materials
Figure 263. CuanSave film
Figure 264. Trunk lid incorporating CNF
Figure 265. ELLEX products
Figure 266. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
Figure 267. Kirekira! toilet wipes
Figure 268. DKS CNF products
Figure 269. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
Figure 270. CNF products from Furukawa Electric
Figure 271. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
Figure 272. CNF gel
Figure 273. Block nanocellulose material
Figure 274. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
Figure 275. Dual Graft System
Figure 276. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins
Figure 277. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended)
Figure 278. Cellulomix production process
Figure 279. Nanobase versus conventional products
Figure 280. MOGU-Wave panels
Figure 281. CNF clear sheets
Figure 282. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
Figure 283. A vacuum cleaner part made of cellulose fiber (left) and the assembled vacuum cleaner
Figure 284. XCNF
Figure 285. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
Figure 286. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
Figure 287. Sulapac cosmetics containers
Figure 288. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF
Figure 289. CNF resin products
Figure 290. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2035 (millions USD)
Figure 291. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2035 (millions USD)
Figure 292. Luum Temple, constructed from Bamboo
Figure 293. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 294. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 295. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right)
Figure 296. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete
Figure 297. Self-healing bio concrete
Figure 298. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc
Figure 299. Classification of aerogels
Figure 300. Flower resting on a piece of silica aerogel suspended in mid air by the flame of a bunsen burner
Figure 301. Monolithic aerogel
Figure 302. Aerogel granules
Figure 303. Internal aerogel granule applications
Figure 304. 3D printed aerogels
Figure 305. Lignin-based aerogels
Figure 306. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels
Figure 307. Graphene aerogel
Figure 308. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 309. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
Figure 310. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 311. Share of (a) production, (b) energy consumption and (c) CO2 emissions from different steel making routes
Figure 312. Transition to hydrogen-based production
Figure 313. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel)
Figure 314. CO2 emissions of different process routes for liquid steel
Figure 315. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
Figure 316. Molten oxide electrolysis process
Figure 317. Steelmaking with CCS
Figure 318. Flash ironmaking process
Figure 319. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction process
Figure 320. Aizawa self-healing concrete
Figure 321. ArcelorMittal decarbonization strategy
Figure 322. Thermal Conductivity Performance of ArmaGel HT
Figure 323. SLENTEX-R roll (piece)
Figure 324. Biozeroc Biocement
Figure 325. Carbon Re's DeltaZero dashboard
Figure 326. Neustark modular plant
Figure 327. HIP AERO paint
Figure 328. Sunthru Aerogel pane
Figure 329. Quartzene-R
Figure 330. Schematic of HyREX technology
Figure 331. EAF Quantum
Figure 332. CNF insulation flat plates
Figure 333. Global packaging market by material type
Figure 334. Routes for synthesizing polymers from fossil-based and bio-based resources
Figure 335. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms
Figure 336. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC
Figure 337. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils
Figure 338. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
Figure 339. CNC slurry
Figure 340. CNF gel
Figure 341. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 342. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 343. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 344. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 345. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application
Figure 346. Schematic of gas barrier properties of nanoclay film
Figure 347. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 348. Applications for CO2
Figure 349. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 350. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 351. Bioplastics for flexible packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2035 ('000 tonnes)
Figure 352. Bioplastics for rigid packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019-2035 ('000 tonnes)
Figure 353. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2035 (billions USD), conservative estimate
Figure 354. Pluumo
Figure 355. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel
Figure 356. MEDICELLU(TM)
Figure 357. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
Figure 358. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
Figure 359. CNF nonwoven fabric
Figure 360. Passionfruit wrapped in Xgo Circular packaging
Figure 361. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
Figure 362. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
Figure 363. Fiber-based screw cap
Figure 364. CuanSave film
Figure 365. ELLEX products
Figure 366. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
Figure 367. Kirekira! toilet wipes
Figure 368. Rheocrysta spray
Figure 369. DKS CNF products
Figure 370. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/ MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure
Figure 371. PHA production process
Figure 372. AVAPTM process
Figure 373. GreenPower+(TM) process
Figure 374. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
Figure 375. CNF gel
Figure 376. Block nanocellulose material
Figure 377. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
Figure 378. Kami Shoji CNF products
Figure 379. IPA synthesis method
Figure 380. Compostable water pod
Figure 381. XCNF
Figure 382: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant
Figure 383. Shellworks packaging containers
Figure 384. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease
Figure 385. Sulapac cosmetics containers
Figure 386. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
Figure 387. Silver / CNF composite dispersions
Figure 388. CNF/nanosilver powder
Figure 389. Corbion FDCA production process
Figure 390. UPM biorefinery process
Figure 391. Vegea production process
Figure 392. Worn Again products
Figure 393. S-CNF in powder form
Figure 394. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
Figure 395. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials
Figure 396. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 397. Hermes bag made of MycoWorks' mycelium leather
Figure 398. Ganni blazer made from bacterial cellulose
Figure 399. Bou Bag by GANNI and Modern Synthesis
Figure 400. Global revenues for bio-based textiles by type, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
Figure 401. Global revenues for bio-based and sustainable textiles by end use market, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
Figure 402. Beyond Leather Materials product
Figure 403. Treekind
Figure 404. Examples of Stella McCartney and Adidas products made using leather alternative Mylo
Figure 405. Mushroom leather
Figure 406. Ecovative Design Forager Hides
Figure 407. LUNA-R leather
Figure 408. TransLeather
Figure 409. Reishi
Figure 410. AirCarbon Pellets and AirCarbon Leather
Figure 411. Leather made from leaves
Figure 412. Nike shoe with beLEAF(TM)
Figure 413. Persiskin leather
Figure 414. LOVR hemp leather
Figure 415. North Face Spiber Moon Parka
Figure 416. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie
Figure 417. Ultrasuede headrest covers
Figure 418. Vegea production process
Figure 419. Schematic of production of powder coatings
Figure 420. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms
Figure 421. PHA family
Figure 422: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit
Figure 423: Scale of cellulose materials
Figure 424. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials
Figure 425: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses
Figure 426. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose
Figure 427. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
Figure 428: CNC slurry
Figure 429. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application
Figure 430. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 431. Market revenues for bio-based coatings by market, 2018-2035 (billions USD), conservative estimate
Figure 432. Dulux Better Living Air Clean Bio-based
Figure 433. NCCTM Process
Figure 434. CNC produced at Tech Futures' pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:
Figure 435. Cellugy materials
Figure 436. EcoLine-R 3690 (left) vs Solvent-Based Competitor Coating (right)
Figure 437. Rheocrysta spray
Figure 438. DKS CNF products
Figure 439. Domsjo process
Figure 440. CNF gel
Figure 441. Block nanocellulose material
Figure 442. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
Figure 443. VIVAPUR-R MCC Spheres
Figure 444. BioFlex process
Figure 445. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
Figure 446. Melodea CNC barrier coating packaging
Figure 447. Fluorene cellulose -R powder
Figure 448. XCNF
Figure 449. Plantrose process
Figure 450. Spider silk production
Figure 451. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite
Figure 452. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
Figure 453. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
Figure 454. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
Figure 455. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
Figure 456. traceless-R hooks
Figure 457. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 458. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film
Figure 459. Bioalkyd products
Figure 460. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022
Figure 461. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023
Figure 462. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends
Figure 463. SWOT analysis for biofuels
Figure 464. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
Figure 465. Hydrolytic lignin powder
Figure 466. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels
Figure 467. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels
Figure 468. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels
Figure 469. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels
Figure 470. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type
Figure 471. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres)
Figure 472. SWOT analysis for biodiesel
Figure 473. Flow chart for biodiesel production
Figure 474. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre
Figure 475. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Figure 476. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel
Figure 477. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Figure 478. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel
Figure 479. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
Figure 480. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha
Figure 481. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2035 (tonnes)
Figure 482. SWOT analysis biomethanol
Figure 483. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 484. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 485. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 486. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 487. SWOT analysis for ethanol
Figure 488. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres)
Figure 489. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
Figure 490. Biobutanol production route
Figure 491. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 492. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 493. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 494. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
Figure 495. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production
Figure 496. SWOT analysis for biogas
Figure 497. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 498. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen
Figure 499. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 500. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 501. Used tires conversion process
Figure 502. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 503. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 504. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 505. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels
Figure 506. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 507. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 508. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 509. SWOT analysis for E-fuels
Figure 510. E-liquids production routes
Figure 511. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 512. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 513. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
Figure 514. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
Figure 515. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels
Figure 516. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels
Figure 517. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production
Figure 518. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 519. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 520. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 521. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 522. SWOT analysis for green ammonia
Figure 523. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 524. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons
Figure 525. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 526. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 527. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 528. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture
Figure 529. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 530. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
Figure 531. DAC technologies
Figure 532. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 533. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 534. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 535. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 536. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Figure 537. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
Figure 538. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 539. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 540. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 541. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 542. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 543. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 544. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2
Figure 545. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels
Figure 546. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 547. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques
Figure 548. SWOT analysis for bio-oils
Figure 549. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
Figure 550. ChemCyclingTM prototypes
Figure 551. ChemCycling circle by BASF
Figure 552. FBPO process
Figure 553. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 554. CRI process
Figure 555. Cassandra Oil process
Figure 556. Colyser process
Figure 557. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 558. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 559. Domsjo process
Figure 560. FuelPositive system
Figure 561. INERATEC unit
Figure 562. Infinitree swing method
Figure 563. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 564. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 565: Plantrose process
Figure 566. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 567. Takavator
Figure 568. O12 Reactor
Figure 569. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 570. CO2 made car part
Figure 571. The Velocys process
Figure 572. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 573. The Proesa-R Process
Figure 574. Closed-loop manufacturing
Figure 575. Sustainable supply chain for electronics
Figure 576. Flexible PCB
Figure 577. Vapor degreasing
Figure 578. Multi-layered PCB
Figure 579. 3D printed PCB
Figure 580. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products
Figure 581. Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components
Figure 582. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 583. Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF
Figure 584. CNF composite
Figure 585. Oji CNF transparent sheets
Figure 586. Electronic components using cellulose nanofibers as insulating materials
Figure 587. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 588. Dell's Concept Luna laptop
Figure 589. Direct-write, precision dispensing, and 3D printing platform for 3D printed electronics
Figure 590. 3D printed circuit boards from Nano Dimension
Figure 591. Photonic sintering
Figure 592. Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
Figure 593. Material jetting 3d printing
Figure 594. Material jetting 3d printing product
Figure 595. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli
Figure 596. Supercooled Soldering(TM) Technology
Figure 597. Reflow soldering schematic
Figure 598. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow
Figure 599. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films
Figure 600. Types of PCBs after dismantling waste computers and monitors
Figure 601. Global PCB revenues 2018-2035 (billions USD), by substrate types
Figure 602. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2035, by type (millions USD)
Figure 603. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2035, by type (millions USD)
Figure 604. Piezotech-R FC
Figure 605. PowerCoat-R paper
Figure 606. BeFC-R biofuel cell and digital platform
Figure 607. DPP-360 machine
Figure 608. P-Flex-R Flexible Circuit
Figure 609. Fairphone 4
Figure 610. In2tec's fully recyclable flexible circuit board assembly
Figure 611. C.L.A.D. system
Figure 612. Soluboard immersed in water
Figure 613. Infineon PCB before and after immersion
Figure 614. Nano OPS Nanoscale wafer printing system
Figure 615. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
Figure 616. 3D printed electronics
Figure 617. Tactotek IME device
Figure 618. TactoTek-R IMSE-R SiP - System In Package
Figure 619. Verde Bio-based resins
Figure 620. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
Figure 621. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2035 (millions USD)
Figure 622. sunliquid-R production process
Figure 623. Spider silk production