查看購物車
  • Simplified Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1560549

銅箔市場報告：2030 年趨勢、預測與競爭分析

Copper Foil Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2030
出版日期: | 出版商: Lucintel | 英文 150 Pages | 商品交期: 3個工作天內

價格

※ 本網頁內容可能與最新版本有所差異。詳細情況請與我們聯繫。

簡介目錄

銅箔趨勢及預測

預計2030年，全球銅箔市場將達到93億美元，2024年至2030年的複合年成長率為7.6%。該市場的主要驅動力是新興國家和已開發國家網際網路使用量的快速成長，對行動裝置、筆記型電腦、平板電腦和個人電腦的需求不斷增加，以及對更好的 5G 基礎設施改進的需求不斷成長。全球銅箔市場前景廣闊，電氣/電子、建築/施工、工業設備和汽車電池市場充滿機會。

  • Lucintel 預測，在預測期內，軋延銅箔仍將是最大的細分市場，因為軋延銅箔比其他銅箔具有多種優勢，包括更好的導電性、靈活性和耐用性。
  • 預計亞太地區在預測期內將出現最高成長。這是因為銅箔在各種應用中的需求量很大，而且隨著可支配收入的增加，家用電子電器和行動電話將變得更加流行。

銅箔市場新趨勢

許多全球趨勢正在改變銅箔市場。

  • 汽車電氣化：電動車電池和充電設備導致銅箔需求增加，從而帶動該領域的成長。
  • 先進電子產品：消費性電子產品和高階運算的需求不斷成長，需要專用銅箔。
  • 關注永續性：銅箔產業越來越關注環境責任和廢棄物管理。
  • 技術創新：新的和改進的製造技術，例如更好的電鍍工藝，正在提高銅箔的性能。
  • 供應鏈本地化：為了避免供應鏈中斷和對進口的依賴，企業正在加強本地生產基礎。

這些趨勢導致人們更加關注銅箔市場的新產品開發、生產改進、營運效率和永續性。

銅箔市場近期走勢

近期銅箔市場走勢如下：

  • 技術進步： 技術進步：生產過程的新發展，如高速電鍍、精密軋延的應用，提高了銅箔的品質和性能。
  • 產能增加：生產能力增加：生產設備的增加和新技術的引進正在增加世界銅箔的供應，以滿足不斷成長的需求。
  • 永續性措施：市場上正在做出巨大努力，透過採用永續方法和回收銅箔來減輕環境負擔。
  • 電動車整合：銅箔現在被用於電動車電池和充電系統，隨著技術的進步，市場正在擴大。
  • 提高品質：為軟性電子產品和高頻電路等特定應用製造優質銅箔正成為核心領域。

這些新興市場的開拓往往會提高銅箔生產效率、永續性和產能，進而影響整體市場趨勢。

銅箔市場的策略性成長機會

銅箔市場潛在的策略成長機會包括：

  • 電動車（EV）：電池和電池充電系統應用的擴大為銅箔製造商提供了巨大的成長窗口。
  • 高檔銅箔的需求：這是由家用電子電器和高效能運算的成長所推動的。
  • 可再生能源：太陽能發電和能源儲存系統中銅箔的引入將創造新的需求。
  • 永續實踐：環保回收技術和生產方法的方法升級可以增強這一市場地位。
  • 新興市場：進入對工業和電子設備有需求的新興市場將推動收益和業務成長。

這些已成為銅箔市場策略制定的關鍵領域，促進市場創造力和擴張。

銅箔市場提升因素及挑戰

銅箔市場受到監管和經濟資訊技術等市場促進因素和挑戰的推動。這些方面對於分析市場和為未來做好準備至關重要。

推動銅箔市場的因素如下：

1. 技術進步：生產流程和材料的改進是推動市場成長和產品增強的因素。

2.需求增加：加上電子銅箔、電動車、可再生能源等需求不斷增加，年輕人口規模不斷擴大，市場規模可望擴大。

3. 注重永續性：向綠色生產技術和回收計畫的轉變正在使市場永續性。

4.經濟成長：由於經濟成長，特別是在開發中國家，銅箔在各領域的使用越來越多。

5.監管支援：政府政策以及先進製造和綠色技術政策正在推動市場成長。

銅箔市場面臨的挑戰包括：

1.原物料價格： 原物料價格：當銅價波動時，原物料成本也會影響產品的最終定價。

2.環境法規：日益嚴格的環境法律和合規要求對於永續發展而言是不利的。

3.供應鏈中斷：供應鏈中的各種約束，如物流問題、原料供不應求等，都會影響生產與供應。

4.技術複雜性：先進製造技術的複雜性意味著企業需要投入大量的資本和技術資源，這對一些企業造成了障礙，無論其規模如何。

5.市場競爭：全球競爭格局和對技術創新的永恆渴求對盈利和市場佔有率有重大影響。

銅箔市場的成長歸功於技術進步、不斷成長的客戶需求和永續性的努力。然而，也存在一些需要管理的障礙，例如原料價格上漲、監管要求和供應鏈中斷。需要解決這些促進因素和挑戰，以確保銅箔產業的進一步發展和競爭。

銅箔按細分

該研究包括按類型、應用和地區分類的全球銅箔預測。

各國銅箔市場前景

目前，由於技術變革、電子產品需求增加以及監管政策變化，銅箔市場正在迅速變化。尤其是銅箔的需求量很大，並且在電子和能源儲存的關鍵應用中經歷了相當大的市場發展。其中一些變化反映了全球趨勢，而另一些則關注影響行業的當地問題。

  • 美國：在美國，研究表明，由於電子和電動車（EV）行業的成長，美國銅箔市場正在成長。它可廣泛應用於電池和印刷電路用覆銅層壓​​板，銅箔的高效生產越來越受到重視。為了減少進口並加強供應鏈，企業越來越重視發展自己的產能。
  • 中國：全球銅箔市場由中國主導，中國銷售其一小部分產品，但正在投資擴大產能和加強技術。中國作為電子元件和電動車電池供應商的貢獻正在增加。我們正在加快採用品質和生產力管理，提高銅箔生產效率，並採取措施防止環境破壞。
  • 德國：在德國，銅箔技術的發展主要針對液晶面板製造等特殊應用。汽車和工業電子領域擴大使用銅加工箔。銅箔領域在綠色實踐和回收計劃方面也取得了進展。
  • 印度：印度：由於電子和太陽能領域應用的擴大，印度銅箔市場正在成長。這些變化包括擴大製造能力和提高技術的有效性。印度政府最近加強國內製造業的政策正在創造新的成長機會並減少對進口的依賴。
  • 日本：日本注重銅箔市場的研發。顯著的進步包括用於電子設備和能源儲存系統的先進銅箔的開發。日本企業也積極進行研究開發，以提高國際競爭力。

常問問題

Q1.市場規模有多大？

答：到2030年，全球銅箔市場預計將達到93億美元。

Q2.市場成長預測如何？

答：預計2024年至2030年全球銅箔市場複合年成長率為7.6%。

Q3.影響市場成長的關鍵促進因素有哪些？

答：這個市場的關鍵促進因素是新興國家和已開發國家網際網路使用量的快速擴張，對行動裝置、筆記型電腦、平板電腦、個人電腦的需求不斷增加，以及對連接解決方案的需求不斷增加以及5G基礎設施不斷改善。

Q4.市場的主要細分市場有哪些？

答：全球銅箔市場前景廣闊，電氣/電子、建築/施工、工業設備和汽車電瓶市場充滿機會。

Q5.市場上主要企業有哪些？

答：主要企業如下。

  • Amari Copper Alloy
  • Circuit Foil
  • Ecotech
  • Furukawa Electric
  • Solus Advanced Materials
  • Doosan
  • Luminaries Matthey
  • Rogers
  • Carl Schlenk
  • American Elements

Q6.未來最大的細分市場是什麼？

答：Lucintel 預計，由於軋延銅箔相對於其他類別具有多種優勢，因此在預測期內仍將佔據較大的市場佔有率。

Q7. 未來五年預計哪個地區的市場最大？

答：因為銅箔在多種應用中的需求量很大，而且隨著可支配收入的增加，家用電子電器和行動電話將變得更加普遍。

Q8. 可以客製化報告嗎？

答：是的，Lucintel 列出了 10% 的客製化服務，無需額外費用。

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章全球銅箔市場：市場動態

  • 簡介、背景、分類
  • 供應鏈
  • 產業促進因素與挑戰

第3章 2018-2030年市場趨勢及預測分析

  • 宏觀經濟趨勢（2018-2023）與預測（2024-2030）
  • 全球銅箔市場趨勢（2018-2023）及預測（2024-2030）
  • 按類型分類的全球銅箔市場
    • 電解銅箔
    • 軋延銅箔
  • 全球銅箔市場按應用分類
    • 電力/電子
    • 建築/施工
    • 工業設備
    • 汽車電池
    • 其他

第4章 2018-2030年區域市場趨勢及預測分析

  • 銅箔市場區域分佈
  • 北美銅箔市場
  • 歐洲銅箔市場
  • 亞太銅箔市場
  • 其他區域銅箔市場

第5章 競爭分析

  • 產品系列分析
  • 營運整合
  • 波特五力分析

第6章 成長機會與策略分析

  • 成長機會分析
    • 按類型分類的全球銅箔市場成長機會
    • 全球銅箔市場成長機會（按應用）
    • 按地區分類的全球銅箔市場成長機會
  • 全球銅箔市場新趨勢
  • 戰略分析
    • 新產品開發
    • 全球銅箔市場產能擴大
    • 全球銅箔市場併購與合資
    • 認證和許可

第7章主要企業概況

  • Amari Copper Alloy
  • Circuit Foil
  • Ecotech
  • Furukawa Electric
  • Solus Advanced Materials
  • Doosan
  • Luminaries Matthey
  • Rogers
  • Carl Schlenk
  • American Elements
簡介目錄

Copper Foil Trends and Forecast

The future of the global copper foil market looks promising with opportunities in the electrical & electronics, building & construction, industrial equipment, and automotive battery markets. The global copper foil market is expected to reach an estimated $9.3 billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 7.6% from 2024 to 2030. The major drivers for this market are rapid expansion of internet usage in both emerging and developed countries, increased demand for mobile devices, laptops, tablets, and personal computers, as well as, improving 5G infrastructure owing to the rising need for better connecting solutions.

  • Lucintel forecasts that rolled copper foil will remain the larger segment over the forecast period because it has various benefits over other categories. among these benefits are its high conductivity, flexibility, and durability.
  • APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period because the copper foils are in great demand for a variety of applications, and as disposable income grows, consumer electronics and cell phones become more popular.

Emerging Trends in the Copper Foil Market

A great number of global trends are changing the nature of the copper foil market, their essence is presented below.

  • Electrification of Vehicles: The EV batteries and charging equipment led to the increase in demand for copper foils that accounts for the growth of this segment.
  • Advanced Electronics: The increasing demand for consumer electronics and high-end computing calls for specialized copper foils.
  • Sustainability Focus: There is an increasing focus on the environmental responsibilities and waste management practices in the copper foil industry.
  • Technological Innovations: New and improved manufacturing technologies such as better electroplating processes are boosting the performance of the copper foils.
  • Supply Chain Localization: Companies are strengthening their local production base in order to avoid such supply chain disruptions and dependence on imports.

These trends are driving towards new product development, improved production and increased attention to the efficiency and sustainability of operations in the copper foil market.

Recent Developments in the Copper Foil Market

Recently, the most notable developments in the copper foil market encompass:

  • Technological Advancements: New developments in the processes of production including, high-speed electroplating, and application of precision rolling has increased the quality and performance of copper foils.
  • Increased Capacity: The growth in the production facilities as well as the buying of new technologies is increasing the worldwide supply of copper foil to meet the growing needs.
  • Sustainability Initiatives: There is a considerable undertaking in the markets towards the adoption of sustainable methods and even recycling of copper foils in order to reduce the environmental waists.
  • Integration of Electric Vehicles: The increasing usage of copper foils in the EV battery and charging system is resulting in a market expansion as well as advancement in technology.
  • Quality Enhancement: Production of superior quality copper foils for specific applications such as flexible electronics and high frequency circuits is becoming a core area of focus.

Such developments tend to improve the efficiency, sustainability as well as the capacity for production of copper foil, which affects the general market trends.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for Copper Foil Market

Copper foil market potential strategic growth opportunities include:

  • Electric Vehicles (EV): The broadened applications in battery and battery charging systems throws massive growth window for copper foil manufacturers.
  • Demand for High Grade Copper Foils: This is propelled by growth in consumer electronics and high performance computing.
  • Renewable Energy: Implementation and installed base of copper foils in Solar PV and energy storage systems brings up new demand.
  • Sustainable Practices: Upgrading methodology usages to eco-friendly recycling technologies and production methods may serve as a boom for the position in the market.
  • Emerging Markets: Entering into emerging market with industrial and electronic demand will enhance revenue generation and business growth.

These are emerging as key areas for the formulation of strategies in the copper foil market, facilitating creativity and expansion of the market.

Copper Foil Market Driver and Challenges

The copper foil market is moving owing to drivers and challenges such as information technology which is regulatory and economic. These aspects are vital in analyzing the market and preparing for future ahead.

The factors responsible for driving the copper foil market include:

1. Technological Advancements: Improvements in production processes and materials are factors that are enabling market growth and enhancement of the product.

2. Increasing Demand: The expanding pools of the young population coupled with the increasing demand for electronics copper foil, EVs, and renewable energy is poised to expand the market.

3. Sustainability Focus: The shift towards green production techniques and recycling schemes has improved the market's sustainability attributes.

4. Economic Growth: Economic growth especially in developing countries is resulting into more use of copper foils in various applications across different sectors.

5. Regulatory Support: Government policies and regulations on advanced manufacturing and green technologies encourage the growth of the market.

Challenges in the copper foil market are:

1. Raw Material Prices: Raw material costs may also affect the final pricing of the product as regards copper price volatility.

2. Environmental Regulations: More stringent environmental law and compliance requirements are disadvantages in terms of sustainable development.

3. Supply Chain Disruptions: Different supply chain constraints such logistical problems, raw material supply shortage may affect production and supply.

4. Technological Complexity: The sophisticated nature of advanced manufacturing technologies implies that companies would need to put a lot of resources in terms of finance and know-how, something that may act as a barrier for some companies no matter their size.

5. Market Competition: There is fierce competition from the global landscape as well as the eternal hunger for innovation among other reasons weigh heavily on the profitability and market share.

The growth of the copper foil market is attributed to advancements in technologies, rising needs of the customers, and efforts toward sustainability. Nonetheless, there are hurdles such as high raw material prices, regulatory requirements, and disruptions in supply chains that need to be managed. Negotiating these drivers and challenges is needed to ensure further development and competitiveness in the copper foil industry.

List of Copper Foil Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies copper foil companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the copper foil companies profiled in this report include-

  • Amari Copper Alloy
  • Circuit Foil
  • Ecotech
  • Furukawa Electric
  • Solus Advanced Materials
  • Doosan
  • Luminaries Matthey
  • Rogers
  • Carl Schlenk
  • American Elements

Copper Foil by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global copper foil by type, application, and region.

Copper Foil Market by Type [Analysis by Value from 2018 to 2030]:

  • Electrodeposited Copper Foil
  • Rolled Copper Foil

Copper Foil Market by Application [Analysis by Value from 2018 to 2030]:

  • Electrical & Electronics
  • Building & Construction
  • Industrial Equipment
  • Automotive Battery
  • Others

Copper Foil Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2018 to 2030]:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Copper Foil Market

Currently, copper foil market is changing rapidly thanks to technological changes, growing demand for electronic items and change in regulatory policies. In particular, copper foil is gaining considerable market developments across key applications in electronics and energy storage due to its high demand. Such changes are, in some instances, a reflection of global trends while in another respect, they are focused on the regional issues affecting the industry.

  • United States: In the United States, research has shown that the U.S. copper foil market is on the rise as a result of the growth of the electronics and electric vehicle (EV) industries. There is an increased emphasis on the production of widely applicable and efficient copper foils in batteries and copper clad laminates for printed circuits. Focus on developing in-house capacity is increasing to decrease importation and to strengthen the supply chain.
  • China: The global copper foil market led by China selling a fraction of production still invests in capacity expansion and technology enhancement. The country is increasing contribution as a supplier of electronic parts and electric vehicle battery. Accelerating the introduction of quality and productivity management and measures regarding the production efficiency of copper foil are in progress along with measures regarding damage to the environment.
  • Germany: In Germany, copper foil technology is progressing with a strong focus on specialty applications such as LCD panels manufacture. Within the automotive and industrial electronics segment, there is a greater use of copperised foils. There is also a major advancement toward green practices and reclaiming in the copper foil sector.
  • India: There is a growth for copper foil market in India due to growing applications in electronics and photovoltaics sectors. Such changes includes enlargement of manufacturing capacities and improvement of technology effectiveness. The recent policies by the Indian government to enhance domestic manufacturing is providing new growth opportunities and reducing the country's import reliance.
  • Japan: Japan is making an effort to push research and development of the copper foil market. Noteworthy advancements include the development of advanced copper foils for electronic and energy storage systems. Research and development is also actively undertaken to improve global competitiveness in Japanese enterprises.

Features of the Global Copper Foil Market

Market Size Estimates: Copper foil market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2018 to 2023) and forecast (2024 to 2030) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Copper foil market size by type, application, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Copper foil market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different type, application, and regions for the copper foil market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the copper foil market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

If you are looking to expand your business in this market or adjacent markets, then contact us. We have done hundreds of strategic consulting projects in market entry, opportunity screening, due diligence, supply chain analysis, M & A, and more.

FAQ

Q1. What is the copper foil market size?

Answer: The global copper foil market is expected to reach an estimated $9.3 billion by 2030.

Q2. What is the growth forecast for copper foil market?

Answer: The global copper foil market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 7.6% from 2024 to 2030.

Q3. What are the major drivers influencing the growth of the copper foil market?

Answer: The major drivers for this market are rapid expansion of internet usage in both emerging and developed countries, increased demand for mobile devices, laptops, tablets, and personal computers, as well as, improving 5G infrastructure owing to the rising need for better connecting solutions.

Q4. What are the major segments for copper foil market?

Answer: The future of the global copper foil market looks promising with opportunities in the electrical & electronics, building & construction, industrial equipment, and automotive battery markets.

Q5. Who are the key copper foil market companies?

Answer: Some of the key copper foil companies are as follows:

  • Amari Copper Alloy
  • Circuit Foil
  • Ecotech
  • Furukawa Electric
  • Solus Advanced Materials
  • Doosan
  • Luminaries Matthey
  • Rogers
  • Carl Schlenk
  • American Elements

Q6. Which copper foil market segment will be the largest in future?

Answer: Lucintel forecasts that rolled copper foil will remain the larger segment over the forecast period because it has various benefits over other categories. among these benefits are its high conductivity, flexibility, and durability.

Q7. In copper foil market, which region is expected to be the largest in next 5 years?

Answer: APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period because the copper foils are in great demand for a variety of applications, and as disposable income grows, consumer electronics and cell phones become more popular.

Q.8 Do we receive customization in this report?

Answer: Yes, Lucintel provides 10% customization without any additional cost.

This report answers following 11 key questions:

  • Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the copper foil market by type (electrodeposited copper foil and rolled copper foil), application (electrical & electronics, building & construction, industrial equipment, automotive battery, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
  • Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
  • Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
  • Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
  • Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
  • Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
  • Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
  • Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
  • Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?
  • Market Report

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Copper Foil Market : Market Dynamics

  • 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
  • 2.2: Supply Chain
  • 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2018 to 2030

  • 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2018-2023) and Forecast (2024-2030)
  • 3.2. Global Copper Foil Market Trends (2018-2023) and Forecast (2024-2030)
  • 3.3: Global Copper Foil Market by Type
    • 3.3.1: Electrodeposited Copper Foil
    • 3.3.2: Rolled Copper Foil
  • 3.4: Global Copper Foil Market by Application
    • 3.4.1: Electrical & Electronics
    • 3.4.2: Building & Construction
    • 3.4.3: Industrial Equipment
    • 3.4.4: Automotive Battery
    • 3.4.5: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2018 to 2030

  • 4.1: Global Copper Foil Market by Region
  • 4.2: North American Copper Foil Market
    • 4.2.1: North American Copper Foil Market by Type: Electrodeposited Copper Foil and Rolled Copper Foil
    • 4.2.2: North American Copper Foil Market by Application: Electrical & Electronics, Building & Construction, Industrial Equipment, Automotive Battery, and Others
  • 4.3: European Copper Foil Market
    • 4.3.1: European Copper Foil Market by Type: Electrodeposited Copper Foil and Rolled Copper Foil
    • 4.3.2: European Copper Foil Market by Application: Electrical & Electronics, Building & Construction, Industrial Equipment, Automotive Battery, and Others
  • 4.4: APAC Copper Foil Market
    • 4.4.1: APAC Copper Foil Market by Type: Electrodeposited Copper Foil and Rolled Copper Foil
    • 4.4.2: APAC Copper Foil Market by Application: Electrical & Electronics, Building & Construction, Industrial Equipment, Automotive Battery, and Others
  • 4.5: ROW Copper Foil Market
    • 4.5.1: ROW Copper Foil Market by Type: Electrodeposited Copper Foil and Rolled Copper Foil
    • 4.5.2: ROW Copper Foil Market by Application: Electrical & Electronics, Building & Construction, Industrial Equipment, Automotive Battery, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

  • 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
  • 5.2: Operational Integration
  • 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

  • 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
    • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Copper Foil Market by Type
    • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Copper Foil Market by Application
    • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Copper Foil Market by Region
  • 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Copper Foil Market
  • 6.3: Strategic Analysis
    • 6.3.1: New Product Development
    • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Copper Foil Market
    • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Copper Foil Market
    • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

  • 7.1: Amari Copper Alloy
  • 7.2: Circuit Foil
  • 7.3: Ecotech
  • 7.4: Furukawa Electric
  • 7.5: Solus Advanced Materials
  • 7.6: Doosan
  • 7.7: Luminaries Matthey
  • 7.8: Rogers
  • 7.9: Carl Schlenk
  • 7.10: American Elements