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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1679668

PCB 組裝服務市場報告:2031 年趨勢、預測與競爭分析

PCB Assembly Service Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2031

出版日期: | 出版商: Lucintel | 英文 150 Pages | 商品交期: 3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球 PCB 組裝服務市場未來前景光明,在通訊、家用電子電器、醫療保健、工業和自動化、汽車和航太市場都機會。預計 2025 年至 2031 年期間全球 PCB 組裝服務市場將以 4.8% 的複合年成長率成長。該市場的主要促進因素是電子設備日益複雜和精密化、PCB 設計軟體、組裝技術、製造流程的不斷進步、供應鏈的全球化以及全球電子市場的擴張。

  • Lucintel 預測,根據類型,剛性 PCB 元件將在預測期內經歷最高的成長。
  • 根據最終用途,通訊預計仍將是最大的部分。
  • 根據地區,預計北美將在預測期內實現最高成長。

PCB 組裝服務市場的策略性成長機會

PCB 組裝服務市場在各種應用領域中呈現多種策略成長機會。利用這些機會將使公司擴大其市場佔有率並推動行業創新。

  • 汽車電子:隨著汽車電子變得越來越複雜,汽車領域面臨巨大的成長機會。我們的 PCB 組裝服務專注於為 ADAS(高級駕駛輔助系統)、資訊娛樂系統和電動車組件提供高可靠性、高性能 PCB。
  • 家用電子電器:由於對智慧型手機、穿戴式裝置和家庭自動化設備的需求,家用電子電器市場正在迅速擴張。 PCB 組裝服務可透過提供符合最新家用電子電器趨勢的高密度、小型化、經濟高效的解決方案來幫助您利用這一成長機會。
  • 工業自動化:工業 4.0 的興起推動了工業自動化系統對 PCB 的需求。 PCB 組裝服務可以瞄準這個市場,為控制系統、機器人和感測器應用提供堅固可靠的 PCB,支援工業流程的現代化。
  • 醫療設備:由於醫療電子產品對精確度和可靠性的需求,醫療設備產業代表著巨大的成長機會。 PCB 組裝服務可專注於生產用於診斷設備、患者監測系統和穿戴式健康設備的高品質、合規 PCB。
  • 可再生能源系統:向再生能源來源的轉變正在推動太陽能電池板、風力發電機和能源儲存系統對 PCB 的需求。 PCB 組裝服務可以透過提供支援可再生能源技術的整合和管理的耐用、高效的 PCB 來幫助您利用這一趨勢。

這些策略成長機會凸顯了 PCB 組裝服務在一系列高成長應用領域擴展的潛力。專注於汽車、家用電子電器、工業自動化、醫療設備和可再生能源,使公司能夠推動創新並佔領新的細分市場。

PCB 組裝服務市場促進因素與挑戰

PCB 組裝服務市場受到影響其成長和發展的各種促進因素​​和挑戰的影響。這些因素包括技術進步、經濟狀況和監管要求。

推動PCB組裝服務市場發展的因素有:

  • PCB 技術的進步:HDI 和軟性 PCB 的開發等技術突破正在推動 PCB 組裝市場的成長。這些創新使得生產更複雜、更緊湊的電子設備成為可能,以滿足現代技術應用的需求。
  • 電子設備需求不斷增加:家用電子電器、汽車系統和工業自動化的需求不斷增加是 PCB 組裝市場的主要驅動力。隨著電子設備變得越來越普遍和複雜,對高品質 PCB 組裝服務的需求持續成長。
  • 工業 4.0 的興起:自動化、物聯網和智慧製造等工業 4.0 實踐正在推動 PCB 組裝的效率和創新。這些技術增強了製造能力並支援更複雜電子產品的開發。
  • 強調環境永續性:環境永續性正成為 PCB 製造中越來越重要的一個面向。該公司正在採用無鉛焊接和回收計劃等環保做法,以滿足監管要求並滿足消費者對更環保製造程序的期望。
  • 增加研發投入:增加研發投入正在推動 PCB 組裝服務的創新。為了保持競爭力並滿足電子產業不斷變化的需求,各家公司正在探索新材料、新技術和新製程。

PCB組裝服務市場面臨的挑戰如下:

  • 供應鏈中斷:供應鏈中斷,包括原料和零件短缺,對 PCB組裝市場構成了挑戰。這些中斷可能會影響生產計劃、增加成本並影響 PCB 組件的可用性。
  • 生產成本高:先進製造設備和材料的高成本,可能成為中小企業進入該產業的障礙。控制生產成本同時保持品質和競爭力是 PCB 組裝市場面臨的關鍵挑戰。
  • 遵守監管標準:遵守嚴格的監管標準和品質認證(如 RoHS 和 ISO)對於 PCB 組裝供應商來說是一個挑戰。確保遵守這些標準對於維持市場進入和滿足客戶需求至關重要。

已確定的促進因素和挑戰正在影響技術採用、市場需求和法規遵循性,從而塑造 PCB 組裝服務市場。有效解決這些因素對於公司利用成長機會和克服不斷變化的市場中的障礙至關重要。

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第 2 章全球 PCB 組裝服務市場:市場動態

  • 簡介、背景和分類
  • 供應鏈
  • 產業促進因素與挑戰

第 3 章 2019 年至 2031 年的市場趨勢與預測分析

  • 宏觀經濟趨勢(2019-2024)與預測(2025-2031)
  • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場趨勢(2019-2024)及預測(2025-2031)
  • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場(按類型)
    • 剛性 PCB 組裝
    • 軟硬複合PCB 組裝
    • 細間距 SMT 組裝
    • 通孔技術組裝
    • 電線/電纜組件
  • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場(依需求)
    • 製造商
    • 製造業
  • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場(按最終用途分類)
    • 通訊
    • 家用電子電器
    • 醫療保健
    • 工業和自動化
    • 汽車和航太

第 4 章 2019 年至 2031 年區域市場趨勢與預測分析

  • PCB 組裝服務市場(按區域)
  • 北美 PCB 組裝服務市場
  • 歐洲 PCB 組裝服務市場
  • 亞太地區 PCB 組裝服務市場
  • 世界其他地區的 PCB 組裝服務市場

第5章 競爭分析

  • 產品系列分析
  • 營運整合
  • 波特五力分析

第6章 成長機會與策略分析

  • 成長機會分析
    • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場成長機會(按類型)
    • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場成長機會(依需求)
    • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場成長機會(按最終用途分類)
    • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場成長機會(按地區)
  • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場的新趨勢
  • 戰略分析
    • 新產品開發
    • 擴大全球 PCB 組裝服務市場的產能
    • 全球 PCB 組裝服務市場的合併、收購與合資企業
    • 認證和許可

第7章主要企業公司簡介

  • Ensign-Bickford Industries
  • Kolpak Industries
  • CJI Process Systems
  • Primo Manufacturing Services
  • Altek Corporation
  • Flextronics
  • Serpac Electronics Manufacturing and Design Solutions
簡介目錄

The future of the global PCB assembly service market looks promising with opportunities in the telecommunication, consumer electronics, medical & healthcare, industrial & automation, and automotive & aerospace markets. The global PCB assembly service market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4.8% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the growing complexity and sophistication of electronic devices, ongoing advancements in PCB design software, assembly technologies, and manufacturing processes, globalization of supply chains, and the expansion of electronics markets worldwide.

  • Lucintel forecasts that, within the type category, rigid PCB assembly is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.
  • Within the end use category, telecommunication will remain the largest segment.
  • In terms of regions, North America is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.

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Emerging Trends in the PCB Assembly Service Market

The PCB assembly service market is influenced by several emerging trends that are shaping its future direction. These trends reflect technological advancements, evolving market demands, and a growing emphasis on efficiency and sustainability.

  • Increased automation and robotics: The trend toward automation and robotics in PCB assembly is transforming production processes by enhancing speed and precision. Automated pick-and-place machines and robotic soldering systems are reducing manual labor and minimizing errors, leading to higher efficiency and consistency in PCB assembly.
  • Adoption of smart manufacturing technologies: Smart manufacturing technologies, including AI and IoT, are increasingly adopted in PCB assembly services. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and process optimization, resulting in improved quality control and operational efficiency.
  • Growth of miniaturized and high-density PCBs: There is a growing demand for miniaturized and high-density PCBs to meet the needs of advanced electronic devices. This trend is driving the development of HDI technology and advanced materials that support smaller, more complex PCB designs without compromising performance.
  • Emphasis on environmental sustainability: The PCB assembly industry is placing greater emphasis on environmental sustainability. Companies are adopting eco-friendly materials, reducing waste, and implementing energy-efficient practices to meet regulatory requirements and respond to consumer demand for greener manufacturing processes.
  • Expansion of domestic manufacturing capabilities: To mitigate supply chain risks and meet local demand, there is a trend toward expanding domestic PCB manufacturing capabilities. Companies are investing in local production facilities and technologies to enhance flexibility and reduce dependency on international suppliers.

These trends are reshaping the PCB assembly service market by driving technological advancements, improving efficiency, and addressing environmental and supply chain challenges. As the industry evolves, these trends will play a crucial role in defining the future of PCB assembly services.

Recent Developments in the PCB Assembly Service Market

Recent developments in the PCB assembly service market reflect significant advancements in technology, process optimization, and market adaptation. These developments are crucial in addressing the increasing complexity and demand within the electronics and related industries.

  • Advanced automation integration: Recent advancements include the integration of advanced automation technologies, such as high-speed pick-and-place machines and automated optical inspection systems. These innovations enhance production efficiency, accuracy, and consistency, allowing for higher-volume and more complex PCB assemblies.
  • Implementation of Industry 4.0 practices: The adoption of Industry 4.0 practices is becoming prevalent, with PCB assembly services incorporating IoT and AI technologies for real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance. These practices improve process control, reduce downtime, and optimize manufacturing operations.
  • Growth in HDI technology: There has been significant growth in high-density interconnect (HDI) technology, enabling the production of smaller, more complex PCBs with greater functionality. This development supports the demand for advanced electronics and helps manufacturers meet the needs of high-tech applications.
  • Focus on eco-friendly manufacturing: The industry is increasingly focusing on eco-friendly manufacturing practices. This includes the use of lead-free solder, recycling programs, and energy-efficient processes to reduce the environmental impact of PCB production and comply with global environmental regulations.
  • Expansion of research and development and innovation: Companies are investing more in research and development to drive innovation in PCB assembly services. This includes developing new materials, improving assembly techniques, and creating solutions to address emerging industry needs, such as flexible and wearable electronics.

These developments are enhancing the capabilities and efficiency of PCB assembly services, meeting the evolving demands of the electronics industry. By focusing on automation, technology integration, and sustainability, the market is positioned for continued growth and innovation.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for PCB Assembly Service Market

The PCB assembly service market presents several strategic growth opportunities across various applications. By capitalizing on these opportunities, companies can enhance their market presence and drive innovation in the industry.

  • Automotive electronics: The automotive sector offers significant growth opportunities due to the increasing complexity of vehicle electronics. PCB assembly services can focus on providing high-reliability, high-performance PCBs for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), infotainment systems, and electric vehicle components.
  • Consumer electronics: The consumer electronics market is expanding rapidly, driven by demand for smartphones, wearables, and home automation devices. PCB assembly services can leverage this growth by offering high-density, miniaturized, and cost-effective solutions tailored to the latest consumer electronics trends.
  • Industrial automation: With the rise of Industry 4.0, there is a growing need for PCBs in industrial automation systems. PCB assembly services can target this market by providing robust and reliable PCBs for control systems, robotics, and sensor applications, supporting the modernization of industrial processes.
  • Medical devices: The medical device sector represents a key growth opportunity due to the demand for precision and reliability in healthcare electronics. PCB assembly services can focus on producing high-quality, compliant PCBs for diagnostic equipment, patient monitoring systems, and wearable health devices.
  • Renewable energy systems: The shift toward renewable energy sources is driving demand for PCBs in solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems. PCB assembly services can capitalize on this trend by providing durable and efficient PCBs that support the integration and management of renewable energy technologies.

These strategic growth opportunities highlight the potential for PCB assembly services to expand across various high-growth applications. By focusing on automotive, consumer electronics, industrial automation, medical devices, and renewable energy, companies can drive innovation and capture new market segments.

PCB Assembly Service Market Driver and Challenges

The PCB assembly service market is shaped by various drivers and challenges that influence its growth and development. These factors include technological advancements, economic conditions, and regulatory requirements.

The factors responsible for driving the PCB assembly service market include:

  • Advancements in PCB Technology: Technological advancements, such as the development of HDI and flexible PCBs, are driving the growth of the PCB assembly market. These innovations enable the creation of more complex and compact electronic devices, meeting the demands of modern technology applications.
  • Growing Electronics Demand: The increasing demand for consumer electronics, automotive systems, and industrial automation is a major driver of the PCB assembly market. As electronic devices become more prevalent and advanced, the need for high-quality PCB assembly services continues to rise.
  • Expansion of Industry 4.0: The implementation of Industry 4.0 practices, including automation, IoT, and smart manufacturing, is driving efficiency and innovation in PCB assembly. These technologies enhance production capabilities and support the development of more sophisticated electronic products.
  • Focus on Environmental Sustainability: There is a growing emphasis on environmental sustainability in PCB manufacturing. Companies are adopting eco-friendly practices, such as lead-free solder and recycling programs, to address regulatory requirements and meet consumer expectations for greener manufacturing processes.
  • Increase in R&D Investments: Increased investments in research and development are driving innovation in PCB assembly services. Companies are exploring new materials, technologies, and processes to stay competitive and address the evolving needs of the electronics industry.

Challenges in the PCB assembly service market are:

  • Supply Chain Disruptions: Supply chain disruptions, including shortages of raw materials and components, pose a challenge to the PCB assembly market. These disruptions can impact production schedules, increase costs, and affect the availability of PCB assemblies.
  • High Production Costs: The high cost of advanced manufacturing equipment and materials can be a barrier to entry for smaller companies. Managing production costs while maintaining quality and competitiveness is a significant challenge in the PCB assembly market.
  • Compliance with Regulatory Standards: Adhering to stringent regulatory standards and quality certifications, such as RoHS and ISO, is a challenge for PCB assembly providers. Ensuring compliance with these standards is essential for maintaining market access and meeting customer requirements.

The drivers and challenges identified are shaping the PCB assembly service market by influencing technology adoption, market demand, and regulatory compliance. Addressing these factors effectively is crucial for companies to leverage growth opportunities and navigate obstacles in the evolving market.

List of PCB Assembly Service Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies PCB assembly service companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the PCB assembly service companies profiled in this report include-

  • Ensign-Bickford Industries
  • Kolpak Industries
  • CJI Process Systems
  • Primo Manufacturing Services
  • Altek Corporation
  • Flextronics
  • Serpac Electronics Manufacturing and Design Solutions

PCB Assembly Service by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global PCB assembly service market by type, demand, end use, and region.

PCB Assembly Service Market by Type [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Rigid PCB Assembly
  • Rigid-Flex PCB Assembly
  • Fine-Pitch SMT Assembly
  • Through-Hole Technology Assembly
  • Wire/cable Assembly

PCB Assembly Service Market by Demand [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • OEM
  • ODM

PCB Assembly Service Market by End Use [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Telecommunications
  • Consumer Electronics
  • Medical & Healthcare
  • Industrial & Automation
  • Automotive & Aerospace

PCB Assembly Service Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the PCB Assembly Service Market

The PCB assembly service market is undergoing significant changes due to advancements in technology, evolving industry demands, and global economic conditions. Recent developments reflect a focus on enhancing efficiency, quality, and adaptability in PCB assembly processes. As industries such as electronics, automotive, and telecommunications expand, key regions are making strides to meet the growing need for sophisticated PCB assembly services.

  • United States: In the U.S., recent developments in PCB assembly services have centered around automation and advanced manufacturing technologies. Companies are adopting high-speed pick-and-place machines, advanced soldering techniques, and automated inspection systems to improve efficiency and accuracy. There is also an increased focus on domestic manufacturing capabilities to reduce supply chain dependencies and enhance production flexibility.
  • China: China remains a major player in the PCB assembly service market, with recent advancements including the integration of smart manufacturing technologies. Companies are increasingly using AI and IoT for process optimization and quality control. Additionally, there is a strong emphasis on scaling up production to meet the high demand from consumer electronics and automotive sectors, coupled with efforts to enhance environmental sustainability in manufacturing processes.
  • Germany: In Germany, the focus has been on precision and quality in PCB assembly services. Recent developments include investments in advanced robotics and automated inspection systems to maintain high standards. German companies are also emphasizing compliance with stringent European quality and environmental regulations, which has led to the adoption of more efficient and eco-friendly manufacturing practices.
  • India: India's PCB assembly service market is experiencing growth driven by a surge in electronics manufacturing and increasing demand for affordable yet high-quality PCBs. Recent developments include the expansion of production facilities and the adoption of advanced assembly technologies to improve speed and accuracy. Indian companies are also focusing on enhancing their export capabilities to tap into global markets.
  • Japan: Japan is advancing in PCB assembly services with a strong focus on innovation and miniaturization. Recent developments include the introduction of high-density interconnect (HDI) technology and improvements in precision soldering techniques. Japanese companies are also investing in R&D to stay at the forefront of technological advancements and address the specific needs of high-tech industries such as robotics and automotive.

Features of the Global PCB Assembly Service Market

Market Size Estimates: PCB assembly service market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: PCB assembly service market size by type, demand, end use, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: PCB assembly service market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, demands, end uses, and regions for the PCB assembly service market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the PCB assembly service market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

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This report answers following 11 key questions:

  • Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the PCB assembly service market by type (rigid PCB assembly, rigid-flex PCB assembly, fine-pitch SMT assembly, through-hole technology assembly, and wire/cable assembly), demand (OEM and ODM), end use (telecommunications, consumer electronics, medical & healthcare, industrial & automation, and automotive & aerospace), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
  • Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
  • Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
  • Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
  • Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
  • Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
  • Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
  • Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
  • Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global PCB Assembly Service Market : Market Dynamics

  • 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
  • 2.2: Supply Chain
  • 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

  • 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.2. Global PCB Assembly Service Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.3: Global PCB Assembly Service Market by Type
    • 3.3.1: Rigid PCB Assembly
    • 3.3.2: Rigid-Flex PCB Assembly
    • 3.3.3: Fine-Pitch SMT Assembly
    • 3.3.4: Through-Hole Technology Assembly
    • 3.3.5: Wire/cable Assembly
  • 3.4: Global PCB Assembly Service Market by Demand
    • 3.4.1: OEM
    • 3.4.2: ODM
  • 3.5: Global PCB Assembly Service Market by End Use
    • 3.5.1: Telecommunications
    • 3.5.2: Consumer Electronics
    • 3.5.3: Medical & Healthcare
    • 3.5.4: Industrial & Automation
    • 3.5.5: Automotive & Aerospace

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

  • 4.1: Global PCB Assembly Service Market by Region
  • 4.2: North American PCB Assembly Service Market
    • 4.2.1: North American Market by Type: Rigid PCB Assembly, Rigid-Flex PCB Assembly, Fine-Pitch SMT Assembly, Through-Hole Technology Assembly, and Wire/cable Assembly
    • 4.2.2: North American Market by End Use: Telecommunications, Consumer Electronics, Medical & Healthcare, Industrial & Automation, and Automotive & Aerospace
  • 4.3: European PCB Assembly Service Market
    • 4.3.1: European Market by Type: Rigid PCB Assembly, Rigid-Flex PCB Assembly, Fine-Pitch SMT Assembly, Through-Hole Technology Assembly, and Wire/cable Assembly
    • 4.3.2: European Market by End Use: Telecommunications, Consumer Electronics, Medical & Healthcare, Industrial & Automation, and Automotive & Aerospace
  • 4.4: APAC PCB Assembly Service Market
    • 4.4.1: APAC Market by Type: Rigid PCB Assembly, Rigid-Flex PCB Assembly, Fine-Pitch SMT Assembly, Through-Hole Technology Assembly, and Wire/cable Assembly
    • 4.4.2: APAC Market by End Use: Telecommunications, Consumer Electronics, Medical & Healthcare, Industrial & Automation, and Automotive & Aerospace
  • 4.5: ROW PCB Assembly Service Market
    • 4.5.1: ROW Market by Type: Rigid PCB Assembly, Rigid-Flex PCB Assembly, Fine-Pitch SMT Assembly, Through-Hole Technology Assembly, and Wire/cable Assembly
    • 4.5.2: ROW Market by End Use: Telecommunications, Consumer Electronics, Medical & Healthcare, Industrial & Automation, and Automotive & Aerospace

5. Competitor Analysis

  • 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
  • 5.2: Operational Integration
  • 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

  • 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
    • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global PCB Assembly Service Market by Type
    • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global PCB Assembly Service Market by Demand
    • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global PCB Assembly Service Market by End Use
    • 6.1.4: Growth Opportunities for the Global PCB Assembly Service Market by Region
  • 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global PCB Assembly Service Market
  • 6.3: Strategic Analysis
    • 6.3.1: New Product Development
    • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global PCB Assembly Service Market
    • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global PCB Assembly Service Market
    • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

  • 7.1: Ensign-Bickford Industries
  • 7.2: Kolpak Industries
  • 7.3: CJI Process Systems
  • 7.4: Primo Manufacturing Services
  • 7.5: Altek Corporation
  • 7.6: Flextronics
  • 7.7: Serpac Electronics Manufacturing and Design Solutions