亞太地區賽車運動變速箱市場預測至 2030 年 - 區域分析 - 按賽車類型和變速箱類型(手排、自排和序列式)
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1567895

亞太地區賽車運動變速箱市場預測至 2030 年 - 區域分析 - 按賽車類型和變速箱類型(手排、自排和序列式)

Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Forecast to 2030 - Regional Analysis - by Racing Type and Transmission Type (Manual, Automatic, and Sequential)

出版日期: | 出版商: The Insight Partners | 英文 81 Pages | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

2022年亞太地區賽車變速箱市值為5,781萬美元,預計2030年將達到7,784萬美元;預計2022年至2030年複合年成長率為3.8%。

亞太地區不斷上升的賽車運動趨勢推動亞太賽車變速箱市場的發展

賽車運動的粉絲大多來自北美和歐洲。儘管亞太地區有許多賽車運動賽事,但此類賽事的受歡迎程度相對較低。然而,近年來,許多賽車運動賽事吸引了來自亞洲國家的大量觀眾。此外,亞太地區的活動也產生了可觀的收入。事實證明,亞洲勒芒系列賽的原始形式在車迷和車隊中都非常成功,2022 年賽季吸引了 37 輛賽車和創紀錄的車迷數量,觀眾人數超過 2000 萬人次。電視觀眾人數為 760 萬,較 2021 年賽季的超過 100 萬增加,直播觀眾達到 1260 萬,較上一季增加近 700 萬。

根據印地賽車2022年發布的調查報告,賽事直播在年輕車迷中很受歡迎,尤其是在歐洲和亞洲。印地賽車迅速成長的國際車迷群體強烈希望參加未來的比賽,其中 77% 的南美和中美洲受訪者、57% 的歐洲車迷和 72% 的亞太車迷計劃參加比賽。根據紅牛公佈的資料,近年來,印度F1賽車的受歡迎程度不斷上升。就粉絲總數而言,印度是排名前五的國家之一。因此,為了滿足不斷成長的需求,F1 TV Pro 於 2023 年 2 月在印度首次亮相。除了粉絲群之外,賽車運動的基礎設施也正在經歷巨大的發展。印度政府將在未來幾年內建造五個新賽道。新賽道包括納諾利賽道 (Nanoli Speedway)、山谷賽道 (The Valley Speedway) 和皮斯塔賽道 (Pista Motor Raceway)。 Nanoli Speedway 賽道將建在孟買-浦那邊緣,由英國 Driven International 和前 F1 賽車手 Karun Chandhok 開發。納諾利賽道長 2.9 公里,有 12 個轉彎。 Valley Speedway 是 Chitradurga 附近一條全新的 2.4 公里賽道,距離班加羅爾市中心約 3 小時車程。 Valley Speedway 在亞斯碼頭、美洲賽道甚至 BIC 等賽道的設計者 Hermann Tilke 的領導下,力爭獲得國際汽聯 4 級評級。 Pista賽車場將位於Telangana,全長3.708公里,有16個轉彎。因此,賽車運動賽事的日益普及正在帶動賽車運動基礎設施的發展,直接導致亞太地區賽車運動賽事的增加。賽車運動賽事的增加預計將在未來一年為車迷、賽車車主和零件製造商創建一個生態系統,這將直接導致亞太賽車運動變速箱市場需求的增加。

亞太地區賽車變速箱市場概況

亞太地區的整體賽車運動產業在某些地區仍在成長,例如印度和韓國。另一方面,中國和日本對賽車運動和賽車變速箱的需求最高。在中國,賽車運動的受歡迎程度穩定上升,得益於一級方程式賽車進駐上海國際賽車場的推動。最近,NASCAR進入中國並開始在長安舉辦賽事,直接帶動了賽車變速箱需求的增加。幾十年來,日本一直是技術創新熱點,也是全球汽車產業的主要參與者 幾十年來,日本一直是技術創新熱點,也是全球汽車產業的主要參與者。該國與賽車運動的關係與其汽車工業密不可分。同時,新加坡和馬來西亞等東南亞國家在賽車運動領域也擁有強大的影響力。此外,國際汽聯亞太拉力錦標賽(APRC)為本地區的車手和車隊提供了一個平台,讓本地區以及更遠的地方的車手和車隊在國際標準賽事中展示自己的能力。 APRC分為兩個組別:FIA APRC亞洲盃和FIA APRC太平洋盃,每個組別最多有五項賽事。這是因為集會的地理分佈廣泛,並確保盡可能多的參賽者可以參加。這些舉措推動了賽車運動產業的發展,最終推動了亞太賽車運動變速箱市場的發展。

亞太地區賽車變速箱市場收入及 2030 年預測(百萬美元)

亞太地區賽車變速箱市場細分

亞太賽車運動變速箱市場分為賽車類型、變速箱類型和國家。

根據比賽類型,亞太賽車運動變速箱市場分為一級方程式賽車、NASCAR、GT賽車、WTCC(世界房車錦標賽)、勒芒、拉力賽和越野賽等。 2022 年,一級方程式賽車佔據了最大的市場佔有率。

就變速箱類型而言,亞太賽車變速箱市場分為手排、自排和序列式。 2022 年,連續細分市場佔據最大市場佔有率。

依國家/地區分類,亞太地區賽車變速箱市場分為澳洲、中國、印度、日本、韓國和亞太其他地區。 2022年,中國將主導亞太地區賽車變速箱市場。

Marelli Holdings Co Ltd、Ricardo Plc、ZF Friedrichshafen AG 和 Holinger Engineering Co Pty Ltd 是亞太賽車變速箱市場的一些領先公司。

目錄

第 1 章:簡介

第 2 章:執行摘要

  • 主要見解
  • 市場吸引力

第 3 章:研究方法

  • 覆蓋範圍
  • 二次研究
  • 初步研究

第 4 章:亞太地區賽車變速箱市場格局

  • 概述
  • 生態系分析
  • 害蟲分析

第 5 章:亞太地區賽車變速箱市場 - 主要產業動態

  • 市場促進因素
    • 增加賽車運動的收視率
    • 賽車運動收入不斷上升
  • 市場限制
    • 賽車運動中擴大採用電動車
  • 市場機會
    • 亞太地區賽車運動趨勢不斷上升
    • 與混合動力系統整合
  • 未來趨勢
    • 新賽車的推出和新車隊的加入
  • 促進因素和限制的影響:

第 6 章:賽車變速箱市場 - 亞太地區分析

  • 賽車變速箱市場收入,2022 - 2030
  • 賽車變速箱市場預測與分析

第 7 章:亞太賽車運動變速箱市場分析 - 賽車類型

  • 賽車變速箱市場,按賽車類型分類(2022 年和 2030 年)
  • 一級方程式賽車
    • 概述
    • 一級方程式市場收入及 2030 年預測
  • 納斯卡
    • 概述
    • NASCAR 市場收入及 2030 年預測
  • GT賽車
    • 概述
    • GT賽車市場營收及2030年預測
  • WTCC(世界房車錦標賽)
    • 概述
    • WTCC(世界房車錦標賽)市場收入及2030年預測
  • 勒芒
    • 概述
    • 勒芒市場收入及 2030 年預測
  • 拉力賽和越野賽
    • 概述
    • 拉力賽及越野市場收入及 2030 年預測
  • 其他
    • 概述
    • 其他市場收入及 2030 年預測

第 8 章:亞太地區賽車運動變速箱市場分析 - 變速箱類型

  • 賽車變速箱市場,按變速箱類型分類(2022 年和 2030 年)
  • 手動的
    • 概述
    • 手動市場收入與 2030 年預測
  • 自動的
    • 概述
    • 自動市場收入和預測到 2030 年
  • 順序
    • 概述
    • 到 2030 年的連續市場收入和預測

第 9 章:亞太地區賽車變速箱市場 - 國家分析

  • 澳洲
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韓國
  • 亞太地區其他地區

第 10 章:競爭格局

  • 熱圖分析
  • 公司定位與專注

第 11 章:產業格局

  • 概述
  • 市場主動性
  • 產品開發
  • 併購

第 12 章:公司簡介

  • Marelli Holdings Co., Ltd.
  • Ricardo plc
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG
  • Holinger Engineering Co Pty Ltd

第 13 章:附錄

Product Code: BMIRE00030697

The Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market was valued at US$ 57.81 million in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 77.84 million by 2030; it is estimated to register a CAGR of 3.8% from 2022 to 2030.

Rising Motorsports Trends in Asia Pacific Boost Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market

The majority of the fan base for motorsports is from North America and Europe. Although many motorsport events take place in Asia Pacific, the popularity of such events is comparatively low. However, in recent years, many motorsport events have witnessed massive viewership from Asian countries. In addition, events in Asia Pacific are generating notable revenues. The Asian Le Mans Series' original format has proven extremely successful with both fans and teams and the 2022 season attracted 37 cars and a record number of fans, with an audience of more than 20 million people. The TV audience was 7.6 million, up from over 1 million in the 2021 season, and the live-streaming audience reached 12.6 million, up nearly by 7 million from the previous season.

According to the survey report published by IndyCar in 2022, Live streaming of races is popular among younger fans, particularly in Europe and Asia. INDYCAR's burgeoning international fan base strongly desires to attend a race in the future, with 77% of South & Central American respondents, 57% of Europeans, and 72% of Asia Pacific fans planning to attend the race. As per the data published by Red Bull, the company has witnessed increased popularity for the F1 from India in recent years. India is among the top five countries considering the total number of fans. Thus, to cater to the rising demand, F1 TV Pro debuted in India in February 2023. The broadcasting channel provided coverage of all 23 race weekends, including practice, qualifying, races, and F1 Sprint events. Apart from the fanbase, motorsport infrastructure is also witnessing massive developments. The Indian government will build five new race tracks in the coming years. Nanoli Speedway, The Valley Speedway, and Pista Motor Raceway are among the new tracks. The race track for Nanoli Speedway, which will be built on the fringes of Mumbai-Pune, has been developed by UK-based Driven International and former F1 racer Karun Chandhok. The Nanoli Speedway will be 2.9 kilometers long and will have 12 turns. The Valley Speedway is a new 2.4 km race circuit near Chitradurga, around 3 hours from Bengaluru's city center. The Valley Speedway, led by Hermann Tilke, the designer behind circuits such as Yas Marina, Circuit of the Americas, and even the BIC, strives for FIA Grade 4 classification. The Pista Motor Raceway will be located in Telangana and will have a total length of 3.708 km with 16 turns. Thus, the growing popularity of motorsport events is leading to the development of motorsport infrastructure, directly leading to increasing motorsport events in Asia Pacific. Increased motorsports events are expected to create an ecosystem not only for fans but also for race car owners and part manufacturers in the coming year, which will directly lead to increased demand for Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market.

Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Overview

Asia Pacific's overall motorsport industry is still growing in some parts, such as India and South Korea. On the other hand, addition, China and Japan have been witnessing the highest demand for motorsport and motorsport transmission. In China, motorsport's popularity has been steadily rising has steadily risen in China, fueled by Formula 1's presence at the Shanghai International Circuit. Recently, NASCAR entered China and started organizing events in the Chana that have directly resulted in the increased demand for motorsport transmission. For decades, Japan has been a technological innovation hotspot as well as a major player in the worldwide automotive sector Japan has been a technological innovation hotspot and a major player in the worldwide automotive sector for decades. The country's relationship with motorsport is inseparably linked to its automobile industry. At the same time, southeast countries such as Singapore and Malaysia have a strong presence in the motorsport industry. In addition, the FIA Asia -Pacific Rally Championship (APRC) given a platform for drivers and teams from the region for drivers and teams from the region and those from farther afield to demonstrate their abilities in international-standard events. The APRC is divided into two divisions: the FIA APRC Asia Cup and the FIA APRC Pacific Cup, each with a maximum of five events. This is due to the significant geographical spread of rallies and to ensure that as many competitors as possible can participate. Such initiatives have driven the motorsports industry, ultimately driving the Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market.

Asia Pacific Motorsport transmission Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Segmentation

The Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market is categorized into racing type, transmission type, and country.

Based on race type, the Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market is segmented into formula one, NASCAR, GT racing, WTCC (world touring car championship), le mans, rally and off-road, and others. The formula one segment held the largest market share in 2022.

In terms of transmission type, the Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market is categorized into manual, automatic, and sequential. The sequential segment held the largest market share in 2022.

By country, the Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market is segmented into Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea, and the Rest of Asia Pacific. China dominated the Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market share in 2022.

Marelli Holdings Co Ltd, Ricardo Plc, ZF Friedrichshafen AG, and Holinger Engineering Co Pty Ltd are some of the leading companies operating in the Asia Pacific motorsport transmission market.

Table Of Contents

1. Introduction

  • 1.1 Market Segmentation

2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1 Key Insights
  • 2.2 Market Attractiveness

3. Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Coverage
  • 3.2 Secondary Research
  • 3.3 Primary Research

4. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Landscape

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Ecosystem Analysis
  • 4.3 Pest Analysis

5. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market - Key Industry Dynamics

  • 5.1 Market Drivers
    • 5.1.1 Increasing Viewership of Motorsports
    • 5.1.2 Rising Motorsport Event Revenue
  • 5.2 Market Restraints
    • 5.2.1 Increasing Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Motorsport
  • 5.3 Market Opportunities
    • 5.3.1 Rising Motorsports Trends in Asia Pacific
    • 5.3.2 Integration With Hybrid Powertrains
  • 5.4 Future Trends
    • 5.4.1 New Race Car Launches and Addition of New Teams
  • 5.5 Impact of Drivers and Restraints:

6. Motorsport Transmission Market - Asia Pacific Analysis

  • 6.1 Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2022 - 2030
  • 6.2 Motorsport Transmission Market Forecast and Analysis

7. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Analysis - Racing Type

  • 7.1 Motorsport Transmission Market, By Racing Type (2022 and 2030)
  • 7.2 Formula One
    • 7.2.1 Overview
    • 7.2.2 Formula One Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.3 NASCAR
    • 7.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2 NASCAR Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.4 GT Racing
    • 7.4.1 Overview
    • 7.4.2 GT Racing Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.5 WTCC (Word Touring Car Championship)
    • 7.5.1 Overview
    • 7.5.2 WTCC (Word Touring Car Championship) Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.6 Le Mans
    • 7.6.1 Overview
    • 7.6.2 Le Mans Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.7 Rally and Off road
    • 7.7.1 Overview
    • 7.7.2 Rally and Off-road Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.8 Others
    • 7.8.1 Overview
    • 7.8.2 Others Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

8. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Analysis - Transmission Type

  • 8.1 Motorsport Transmission Market, By Transmission Type (2022 and 2030)
  • 8.2 Manual
    • 8.2.1 Overview
    • 8.2.2 Manual Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.3 Automatic
    • 8.3.1 Overview
    • 8.3.2 Automatic Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.4 Sequential
    • 8.4.1 Overview
    • 8.4.2 Sequential Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

9. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market - Country Analysis

  • 9.1 Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Overview
    • 9.1.1 Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
      • 9.1.1.1 Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
      • 9.1.1.2 Australia Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 9.1.1.2.1 Australia Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Racing Type
        • 9.1.1.2.2 Australia Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Transmission Type
      • 9.1.1.3 China Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 9.1.1.3.1 China Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Racing Type
        • 9.1.1.3.2 China Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Transmission Type
      • 9.1.1.4 India Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 9.1.1.4.1 India Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Racing Type
        • 9.1.1.4.2 India Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Transmission Type
      • 9.1.1.5 Japan Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 9.1.1.5.1 Japan Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Racing Type
        • 9.1.1.5.2 Japan Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Transmission Type
      • 9.1.1.6 South Korea Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 9.1.1.6.1 South Korea Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Racing Type
        • 9.1.1.6.2 South Korea Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Transmission Type
      • 9.1.1.7 Rest of Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 9.1.1.7.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Racing Type
        • 9.1.1.7.2 Rest of Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Transmission Type

10. Competitive Landscape

  • 10.1 Heat Map Analysis
  • 10.2 Company Positioning & Concentration

11. Industry Landscape

  • 11.1 Overview
  • 11.2 Market Initiative
  • 11.3 Product Development
  • 11.4 Mergers & Acquisitions

12. Company Profiles

  • 12.1 Marelli Holdings Co., Ltd.
    • 12.1.1 Key Facts
    • 12.1.2 Business Description
    • 12.1.3 Products
    • 12.1.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.1.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.1.6 Key Developments
  • 12.2 Ricardo plc
    • 12.2.1 Key Facts
    • 12.2.2 Business Description
    • 12.2.3 Products and Services
    • 12.2.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.2.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.2.6 Key Developments
  • 12.3 ZF Friedrichshafen AG
    • 12.3.1 Key Facts
    • 12.3.2 Business Description
    • 12.3.3 Products and Services
    • 12.3.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.3.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.3.6 Key Developments
  • 12.4 Holinger Engineering Co Pty Ltd
    • 12.4.1 Key Facts
    • 12.4.2 Business Description
    • 12.4.3 Products
    • 12.4.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.4.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.4.6 Key Developments

13. Appendix

  • 13.1 Word Index
  • 13.2 About The Insight Partners

List Of Tables

  • Table 1. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Segmentation
  • Table 2. Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 3. Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million) - Racing Type
  • Table 4. Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million) - Transmission Type
  • Table 5. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Country
  • Table 6. Australia Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Racing Type
  • Table 7. Australia Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Transmission Type
  • Table 8. China Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Racing Type
  • Table 9. China Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Transmission Type
  • Table 10. India Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Racing Type
  • Table 11. India Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Transmission Type
  • Table 12. Japan Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Racing Type
  • Table 13. Japan Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Transmission Type
  • Table 14. South Korea Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Racing Type
  • Table 15. South Korea Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Transmission Type
  • Table 16. Rest of Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Racing Type
  • Table 17. Rest of Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Transmission Type
  • Table 18. Heat Map Analysis by Key Players
  • Table 19. List of Abbreviation

List Of Figures

  • Figure 1. Motorsport Transmission Market Segmentation, By Country
  • Figure 2. Ecosystem: Motorsport Transmission Market
  • Figure 3. Pest Analysis
  • Figure 4. Motorsport Transmission Market - Key Industry Dynamics
  • Figure 5. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
  • Figure 6. Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2022 - 2030
  • Figure 7. Motorsport Transmission Market Share (%) - Racing Type, 2022 and 2030
  • Figure 8. Formula One Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 9. NASCAR Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 10. GT Racing Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 11. WTCC (Word Touring Car Championship) Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 12. Le Mans Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 13. Rally and Off-road Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 14. Others Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 15. Motorsport Transmission Market Share (%) - Transmission Type, 2022 and 2030
  • Figure 16. Manual Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 17. Automatic Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 18. Sequential Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 19. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market, by Key Countries - Revenue (2022) (US$ Million).
  • Figure 20. Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Breakdown by Key Countries, 2022 and 2030 (%)
  • Figure 21. Australia Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 22. China Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 23. India Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 24. Japan Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 25. South Korea Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 26. Rest of Asia Pacific Motorsport Transmission Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 27. Company Positioning & Concentration