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1360033

全球人工智慧 (AI) 社群媒體市場 - 2023-2030

Global Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Social Media Market - 2023-2030

出版日期: 2023年10月11日 | 出版商:

DataM Intelligence | 英文 198 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

概述：

2022年，社群媒體市場中的全球人工智慧(AI)市場規模達到11億美元，預計2030年將達到118億美元，2023-2030年預測期間複合年成長率為28.4%。

社群媒體平台每天每秒都會產生大量文字、圖像和影片形式的資料。人工智慧可以處理和分析各種規模的資料，為使用者和企業提供有價值的見解。人工智慧也透過個人搜尋內容分析客戶的行為，然後提供建議和廣告，以提高用戶參與度和滿意度。

例如，2023 年 3 月 6 日，Snapchat 推出了一項名為「My AI」的新功能，這是一個由 OpenAI 的 ChatGPT 提供支援的聊天機器人。 My AI 讓 Snapchat 用戶與聊天機器人互動，並與 Meta、Spotify 和 YouTube 等其他社交網路平台一起整合人工智慧，以增強用戶參與度。 Snapchat+ 提供對 My AI 的首次存取以及其他功能，月費為 3.99 美元，這使其成為比獨立的 ChatGPT Pro 訂閱更具成本效益的選擇。

亞太地區是全球人工智慧(AI) 在社群媒體市場中不斷成長的地區之一，涵蓋了超過1/3 的市場，該地區擁有龐大且多樣化的人口，其中很大一部分人積極使用社群媒體平台，而這個龐大的地區用戶群產生大量資料，人工智慧系統可以利用這些數據進行各種應用，並且網際網路正在快速普及，特別是在農村地區，這種擴大的連接性為個人訪問和參與社交媒體提供了更多機會，從而創建了更大的資料池。

動態：

政府措施提振市場

人工智慧技術的進步，包括自然語言處理、電腦視覺和機器學習，政府探索在社群媒體中利用人工智慧實現不同目的的創新方法。政府越來越認知到在社群媒體平台上與年輕人和公民互動的重要性，其中人工智慧驅動的聊天機器人也可以處理公眾查詢。

例如，2023 年 5 月 30 日，奧裡薩邦首席部長發起了「奧裡薩邦人工智慧」和「青年人工智慧」計劃，這些計劃旨在促進該州年輕人的人工智慧教育和意識。州政府已與國際科技公司英特爾合作實施此一措施。「奧裡薩邦人工智慧」計畫包括英特爾在其應用程式和網站上提供的 4 小時免費人工智慧課程，該計畫預計將使奧裡薩邦處於印度各邦人工智慧教育和採用的前沿。

社群媒體用戶數量不斷增加

由於技術的發展，世界各地的人們可以更輕鬆地訪問社交媒體平台，並且可以輕鬆存取網際網路和增強的連接基礎設施。隨著越來越多的用戶有機會參與社交網路，網際網路的使用量也在增加。智慧型手機使用的增加使得社交媒體可以在攜帶式設備上廣泛使用。用戶可以輕鬆下載社交網路程序，這些因素推動了市場的發展。

例如，2023年6月，根據smart Insights的數據，約有60%的人口使用社群媒體，使用者平均每天使用時間為2小時24分鐘。 Facebook 幾乎是一種常規資源，女性向男性發送的新聞數量增加了一倍，年齡主要集中在18 至29 歲之間。Facebook 的數據顯示，2023 年1 月，該公司每月有29.3 億用戶，增至3900 萬。約 53 億用戶至少使用一款元應用程式。

公司間的合作推動市場發展

協作使企業能夠將他們在社交媒體和人工智慧方面的知識和專業知識結合起來，從而創建更複雜和原創的解決方案。透過協作可以獲得新資源，例如資料、專業知識和技術。這些資源通常對於人工智慧專案的成功至關重要。透過結合不同公司的優勢和人才，可以產生協同效應，從而產生更強大、更全面的人工智慧解決方案。

例如，2022 年 9 月 29 日，亞馬遜網路服務和 SK Telecom 合作開發了一套新的電腦視覺服務，旨在讓客戶更輕鬆、更具成本效益地建立、使用和擴展電腦視覺應用程式。此次合作將結合 SK Telecom 的人工智慧模型（經過 10 多年的匿名視訊資料訓練）與AWS 的邊緣服務、物聯網、資料庫和儲存功能，為組織提供安全且靈活的框架，用於建立自訂電腦視覺應用程式，這些應用程式可以處理和在邊緣、雲端或本地分析資料。

有偏見的建議和傳播錯誤訊息

人工智慧演算法可以繼承訓練資料中存在的偏見，導致有偏見的推薦和內容審核決策，這可能會延續社會不平等和歧視。人工智慧系統通常需要存取用戶資料，引發了對資料隱私和安全的擔憂。用戶可能擔心他們的個人資訊被用於分析或定位。人工智慧驅動的推薦演算法可以透過向用戶展示與他們已經相信的內容相似的內容來創建迴聲室，從而限制他們接觸不同的觀點。

人工智慧可能會被不道德地用於傳播錯誤訊息、深度偽造和操縱，從而引發道德困境。為大型社群媒體平台建立和訓練人工智慧模型可能需要大量運算且成本高昂。人工智慧演算法的內部運作通常是專有的，這使得用戶很難理解內容是如何被過濾和推薦的。過度依賴人工智慧來提供客戶支援和互動可能會導致用戶疏遠，因為一些用戶更喜歡人際互動。

Social media platforms generate large amounts of data daily in each and every second which is in the form of text, images and videos. AI can process and analyze data at every scale which provides valuable insights for users and businesses. AI also analyzes customers' behavior through their personal search content and then provides recommendations and advertisements that enhance user engagement and satisfaction.

For instance, on 6 March 2023, Snapchat introduced a new feature called "My AI," which is a chatbot powered by OpenAI's ChatGPT. My AI allows Snapchat users to engage with the chatbot and join other social networking platforms like Meta, Spotify and YouTube in integrating artificial intelligence to enhance user engagement. Snapchat+ offers first access to My AI along with other features for a monthly fee of $3.99, making it a more cost-effective option than the standalone ChatGPT Pro subscription.

Asia-Pacific is among the growing regions in the global artificial intelligence (AI) in social media market covering more than 1/3rd of the market and region has a massive and diverse population, with a significant portion actively using social media platforms and this vast user base generates a wealth of data that can be leveraged by AI systems for various applications and are experiencing rapid internet penetration, particularly in rural areas, this expanded connectivity provides more opportunities for individuals to access and engage with social media, creating a larger data pool.

Dynamics:

Government Initiatives Boost the Market

Advancement in AI technologies that includes natural language processing, computer vision and machine learning in which the government explores innovative ways to leverage AI in social media for different purposes. The government increasingly recognizes the importance of engaging with youths and citizens on social media platforms, in which AI-powered chatbots are also there to handle public queries.

For instance, on 30 May 2023, Odisha's Chief Minister launched the 'Odisha for Artificial Intelligence' and 'Artificial Intelligence for Youth' initiatives and these initiatives aim to promote AI education and awareness among the youth in the state. The State Government has partnered with international technology company Intel for this initiative. The 'Odisha for AI' initiative includes a free 4-hour course on AI offered by Intel on its app and website, this initiative is expected to put Odisha at the forefront of AI education and adoption among Indian states.

Rising Number of Social Media Users

People around the globe have easier access to social media platforms because of the development in the technologies and easily accessible to the internet and enhanced connectivity infrastructure. As more users have an opportunity that get involved in social networks there is a rise in internet usage. The increased use of smartphones has made social media widely accessible on portable devices. Users can easily download social networking programs and these factors boost the market.

For instance, in June 2023, According to smart insights, around 60% of the population uses social media and the average user daily usage is 2 hours and 24 minutes. Facebook is a nearly regular resource that doubles the amount of news from women to men and is aged mainly between 18 and 29. In January 2023, According to Facebook, it had 2.93 billion monthly users which increased up to 39 Million. Around 5.3 Billion users use at least one meta app.

Collaboration Between Companies Boosts the Market

Collaboration allows businesses to combine their knowledge and expertise in social media and AI which results in the creation of more sophisticated and original solutions. Access to new resources, like as data, expertise and technology, may be made possible through collaboration. Such resources are often essential to the success of AI projects. Synergies that result in more robust and all-encompassing AI solutions can be created by combining the strengths and talents of various companies.

For instance, on 29 September 2022, Amazon Web Services and SK Telecom collaborated for developing a new set of computer vision services aimed at making it easier and more cost-effective for customers to build, use and scale computer vision applications. The collaboration will combine SK Telecom's artificial intelligence models, trained on over 10 years of anonymized video data, with AWS's edge services, IoT, database and storage capabilities to provide organizations with a secure and flexible framework for building custom computer vision applications that can process and analyze data at the edge, in the cloud or on-premises.

Biased Recommendations and Spreading Misinformation

AI algorithms can inherit biases present in training data, leading to biased recommendations and content moderation decisions and this can perpetuate social inequalities and discrimination. AI systems often require access to user data, raising concerns about data privacy and security. Users may worry about their personal information being used for profiling or targeting. AI-driven recommendation algorithms can create echo chambers by showing users content similar to what they already believe, limiting exposure to diverse perspectives.

AI can be used unethically for spreading misinformation, deepfakes and manipulation, raising ethical dilemmas. Building and training AI models for large social media platforms can be computationally intensive and expensive. The inner workings of AI algorithms are often proprietary, making it challenging for users to understand how content is filtered and recommended. Overreliance on AI for customer support and interactions can lead to user alienation, as some users prefer human interaction.

Segment Analysis:

The global artificial intelligence (AI) in social media market is segmented based on technology, component, enterprise size, application, end-user and region.

Growth in Social Media Solutions Boosts the Market

The huge volume of data generated on social media platforms is enormous. AI can process and analyze this data at a scale and speed that would be impossible for humans, extracting valuable insights and trends. Users expect personalized content and recommendations. AI algorithms can analyze user behavior and preferences to provide personalized content, advertisements and recommendations, leading to higher user engagement.

For instance, on 18 September 2023, Lumina Datamatics introduced its Artificial Intelligence (AI) Services for Publishers, aiming to provide various benefits to publishersLumina Datamatics' AI algorithms can automatically interpret, summarize, categorize and enrich content, making it more user-friendly and discoverable and this can significantly improve the overall user experience on publishing platforms. For educational publishers, AI can enhance the quality of assessment development. Automated processes can help create more robust and accurate assessment materials.

Geographical Penetration:

Growing Concern for Data Privacy and Security Boosts the Market

North America is dominating the global artificial intelligence (AI) in social media market and the region has also seen a growing concern for data privacy and security, leading to the development of AI systems that can detect and mitigate threats, such as identifying fake accounts and preventing cyberbullying. Advertisers are increasingly using AI to optimize their social media ad campaigns. AI-driven algorithms can target the right audience, optimize ad spending and measure campaign performance more effectively.

For instance, on 4 September 2023, X, the social media platform formerly known as Twitter, updated its privacy policy to state that it may use user posts to train its AI models. However, the company has clarified that private data, such as text in direct messages, will not be used for this purpose. The change in policy aligns with owner Elon Musk's plans to use Twitter data to support researchers and engineers at his startup, xAI, in developing new products.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include: Adobe Systems Incorporated, Baidu, Inc., Salesforce,Inc., Snapchat Inc., Google Inc., International Business Machines Corp., Hootsuite Media, Inc., Meta Platforms, Inc., Twitter, Inc. and Vidora Inc.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

During lockdowns and social distancing measures, people turned to social media for connection, information and entertainment and this surge in user activity provided more data for AI algorithms to analyze and learn from. physical stores restricted, e-commerce and online shopping witnessed significant growth. AI-driven recommendation engines on social media platforms played a crucial role in suggesting products to users, contributing to the growth of online retail.

Businesses and individuals increasingly rely on social media platforms for remote work, collaboration and communication. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants became essential tools for handling inquiries and tasks. The pandemic led to a rise in misinformation and harmful content related to COVID-19. Social media companies had to enhance their content moderation efforts, prompting investments in AI systems to identify and remove such content.

Advertisers adapted their strategies to the changing landscape. AI-powered ad targeting became more critical as consumer behavior shifted and AI helped optimize ad spend. AI chatbots and tools were used to provide health information, symptom checking and updates related to the pandemic. Social media platforms have become a source of both reliable and unreliable health information. AI was used to analyze social media conversations and sentiments related to the pandemic and this data helped businesses and health organizations understand public perceptions and concerns.

AI Impact

In order to provide social media users with individualized content recommendations, AI algorithms analyze user behavior and preferences. This improves user engagement and keeps users on the platform longer. To keep social media platforms secure and enjoyable, hazardous or improper information, such as racist remarks or destructive images, is identified and removed using AI-powered content moderation techniques.

AI chatbots and virtual assistance provide real-time customer support to users on social media platforms and answer common queries and provides valuable information. As AI algorithm analyses user data easily and categorizes images and videos more effectively which benefits by reaching more relevant audiences and increasing social media revenue. AI also provides social media managers with insights and analytics about user behavior.

For instance, on 12 May 2023, Goldman Sachs spun out its first startup, called Louisa, from its internal incubator. Louisa is a networking platform for employees and it was previously funded and owned by Goldman Sachs. However, it recently became an independent company and its founder, is now working to expand its client base beyond Goldman Sachs, where it has been used for the past two and a half years.

Russia- Ukraine War Impact

The conflict has created geopolitical instability in the region, potentially affecting the operations of tech companies and startups in Ukraine and neighboring countries and this instability could disrupt AI development and research efforts. In times of conflict, there is a risk of a "brain drain" as talented AI researchers and professionals may seek opportunities abroad, impacting the local AI ecosystem which could slow down innovation and growth.

The war has disrupted global supply chains, including those related to AI hardware production. Shortages or delays in critical components can affect the development and deployment of AI systems. The conflict has generated a surge in information warfare and disinformation campaigns on social media. AI tools for detecting and combating misinformation have become more critical, leading to potential growth in this area.

By Technology

Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Natural Language Processing
Computer Vision
Others

By Component

Solutions
Services

By Enterprise Size

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise
Large Enterprises

By Application

Sales and Marketing
Customer Experience Management
Predictive Risk Assessment
Others

By End-User

Retail and Ecommerce
Banking, Financial Services and Insurance
Media and Advertising
Education
Others

By Region

North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- Mexico

Europe
- Germany
- UK
- France
- Italy
- Russia
- Rest of Europe

South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of South America

Asia-Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- Rest of Asia-Pacific

Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

In January 2023, Microsoft announced a multiyear, multibillion-dollar investment in OpenAI to accelerate AI breakthroughs and ensure the benefits of AI are broadly shared and this marks the third phase of their partnership, with previous investments made in 2019 and 2021 and this collaboration builds on Microsoft's commitment to AI and supercomputing technology, with a focus on responsible AI development and safety.
In July 2023, KPMG and Microsoft are expanding their global partnership to transform professional services in critical areas, including workforce modernization and the use of AI solutions and this collaboration involves KPMG's multibillion-dollar commitment to Microsoft's cloud and AI services over the next five years, potentially unlocking over $12 billion in growth opportunities for KPMG.
In August 2023, Tech Mahindra has partnered with Google to launch the Generative AI-Powered Email AmplifAIer as part of Tech Mahindra's TechM amplifAI0 suite of AI offerings and this solution aims to improve customer service in contact centers by using Generative AI to manage email communication more effectively and this collaboration between Tech Mahindra and Google is expected to enhance customer experience and agent efficiency in contact centers.

Why Purchase the Report?

To visualize the global artificial intelligence (AI) in social media market segmentation based on technology, component, enterprise size, application, end-user and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
Excel data sheet with numerous data points of artificial intelligence (AI) in social media market-level with all segments.
PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
Product mapping available as excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global artificial intelligence (AI) in social media market report would provide approximately 77 tables, 78 figures and 198 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

Manufacturers/ Buyers
Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
Research Professionals
Emerging Companies

1. Methodology and Scope

1.1. Research Methodology
1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Snippet by Technology
3.2. Snippet by Component
3.3. Snippet by Enterprise Size
3.4. Snippet by Application
3.5. Snippet by End-User
3.6. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

4.1. Impacting Factors
- 4.1.1. Drivers
  - 4.1.1.1. Government Initiatives Boost the Market
  - 4.1.1.2. Rising Number of Social Media Users
  - 4.1.1.3. Collaboration Between Companies Boosts the Market
- 4.1.2. Restraints
  - 4.1.2.1. Baised Recommendations and Spreading Misinformation
- 4.1.3. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
5.3. Pricing Analysis
5.4. Regulatory Analysis
5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
- 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
- 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
- 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
6.6. Conclusion

7. By Technology

7.1. Introduction
- 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
- 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Technology
7.2. Machine Learning and Deep Learning*
- 7.2.1. Introduction
- 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
7.3. Natural Language Processing
7.4. Computer Vision
7.5. Others

8. By Component

8.1. Introduction
- 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
- 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Component
8.2. Solutions*
- 8.2.1. Introduction
- 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
8.3. Services

9. By Enterprise Size

9.1. Introduction
- 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Enterprise Size
- 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Enterprise Size
9.2. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise*
- 9.2.1. Introduction
- 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
9.3. Large Enterprises

10. By Application

10.1. Introduction
- 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
10.2. Sales and Marketing*
- 10.2.1. Introduction
- 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
10.3. Customer Experience Management
10.4. Predictive Risk Assessment
10.5. Others

11. By End-User

11.1. Introduction
- 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
11.2. Retail and Ecommerce*
- 11.2.1. Introduction
- 11.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
11.3. Banking, Financial Services and Insurance
11.4. Media and Advertising
11.5. Education
11.6. Others

12. By Region

12.1. Introduction
- 12.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
- 12.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
12.2. North America
- 12.2.1. Introduction
- 12.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 12.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
- 12.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
- 12.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Enterprise Size
- 12.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 12.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 12.2.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
  - 12.2.8.1. U.S.
  - 12.2.8.2. Canada
  - 12.2.8.3. Mexico
12.3. Europe
- 12.3.1. Introduction
- 12.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 12.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
- 12.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
- 12.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Enterprise Size
- 12.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 12.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 12.3.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
  - 12.3.8.1. Germany
  - 12.3.8.2. UK
  - 12.3.8.3. France
  - 12.3.8.4. Italy
  - 12.3.8.5. Russia
  - 12.3.8.6. Rest of Europe
12.4. South America
- 12.4.1. Introduction
- 12.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 12.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
- 12.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
- 12.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Enterprise Size
- 12.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 12.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 12.4.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
  - 12.4.8.1. Brazil
  - 12.4.8.2. Argentina
  - 12.4.8.3. Rest of South America
12.5. Asia-Pacific
- 12.5.1. Introduction
- 12.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 12.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
- 12.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
- 12.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Enterprise Size
- 12.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 12.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
- 12.5.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
  - 12.5.8.1. China
  - 12.5.8.2. India
  - 12.5.8.3. Japan
  - 12.5.8.4. Australia
  - 12.5.8.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
12.6. Middle East and Africa
- 12.6.1. Introduction
- 12.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
- 12.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
- 12.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
- 12.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Enterprise Size
- 12.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
- 12.6.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

13. Competitive Landscape

13.1. Competitive Scenario
13.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
13.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

14. Company Profiles

14.1. Adobe Systems Incorporated*
- 14.1.1. Company Overview
- 14.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
- 14.1.3. Financial Overview
- 14.1.4. Key Developments
14.2. Baidu, Inc.
14.3. Salesforce,Inc.
14.4. Snapchat Inc.
14.5. Google Inc.
14.6. International Business Machines Corp.
14.7. Hootsuite Media, Inc.
14.8. Meta Platforms, Inc.
14.9. Twitter, Inc.
14.10. Vidora Inc.

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE