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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1675675

2025 年至 2033 年視訊轉碼市場按組件(基於軟體的解決方案、基於硬體的解決方案)、應用(電信、媒體和娛樂、IT 和遊戲、廣播等)和地區分類

Video Transcoding Market by Component (Software-based Solution, Hardware-based Solution), Application (Telecommunication, Media and Entertainment, IT and Gaming, Broadcasting, and Others), and Region 2025-2033

出版日期: | 出版商: IMARC | 英文 143 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

2024 年全球視訊轉碼市場規模達到 22.803 億美元,2025-2033 年期間的成長率 (CAGR) 為 12.27 % 。推動市場發展的因素多種多樣,包括個人智慧型手機的使用率不斷成長、數位視訊內容不斷增加、以及為更廣泛消費者群體提供娛樂的 over-the-top (OTT) 平台的數量不斷增加。

視訊轉碼是指將視訊檔案從一種格式或編解碼器轉換為另一種格式或編解碼器的過程。它涉及解碼原始視訊檔案(通常採用特定的壓縮格式),然後將其重新編碼為不同的格式或編解碼器,同時可能修改其他視訊屬性,例如解析度、位元率、幀速率或寬高比。它涉及執行解碼和編碼的專門軟體或硬體編碼器。它允許將視訊檔案轉換為可以在各種裝置上播放或串流的格式,例如智慧型手機、平板電腦、智慧型電視、遊戲機或媒體播放器。它還可以透過應用不同的編碼設定或將其轉換為更高品質的編解碼器來提高視訊品質。此外,視訊轉碼可根據網路狀況和接收裝置的功能動態調整視訊參數。由於這些優勢,視訊轉碼在全球範圍內越來越受歡迎。

視訊轉碼市場趨勢:

市場主要受視訊串流需求不斷成長的推動。如今,隨著線上視訊平台、視訊串流服務和 Over-The-Top (OTT) 媒體供應商的興起,將視訊內容轉碼為不同格式和解析度的需求日益成長,以確保與各種裝置和網路條件的兼容性。此外,智慧型手機、平板電腦、智慧型電視和其他連網裝置的廣泛使用造成了平台和作業系統的碎片化格局。視訊轉碼使內容提供者能夠在不同裝置和平台上提供影片,滿足觀眾的不同偏好。除此之外,高清 (HD) 和超高清 (UHD) 視訊內容的日益普及需要高效的轉碼解決方案來處理與這些格式相關的更大的檔案大小和頻寬要求。再加上提供可擴展性、靈活性和成本效益的基於雲端的轉碼服務的出現,使企業無需投資專用硬體或基礎設施即可利用強大的轉碼功能,從而推動了市場的成長。此外,視訊內容的快速全球化也加劇了視訊轉碼的需求,以克服視訊格式、解析度和編解碼器的區域差異,並使內容提供者能夠在全球範圍內分發他們的視訊。

本報告回答的關鍵問題:

  • 全球視訊轉碼市場迄今表現如何?
  • 全球市場的促進因素、限制因素和機會是什麼?
  • 每個促進因素、限制因素和機會對全球市場有何影響?
  • 主要的區域市場有哪些?
  • 哪些國家代表最具吸引力的市場?
  • 根據成分,市場是如何分類的?
  • 市場上最有吸引力的組件是什麼?
  • 根據應用,市場區隔是怎麼樣的?
  • 市場上最有吸引力的應用程式是哪一個?
  • 市場的競爭格局是怎麼樣的?
  • 全球視訊轉碼市場的關鍵參與者/公司是誰?

目錄

第 1 章:前言

第 2 章:範圍與方法

  • 研究目標
  • 利害關係人
  • 資料來源
    • 主要來源
    • 次要來源
  • 市場評估
    • 自下而上的方法
    • 自上而下的方法
  • 預測方法

第 3 章:執行摘要

第 4 章:簡介

  • 概述
  • 主要行業趨勢

第 5 章:全球視訊轉碼市場

  • 市場概況
  • 市場表現
  • COVID-19 的影響
  • 市場預測

第6章:市場細分:按組成部分

  • 基於軟體的解決方案
  • 基於硬體的解決方案

第7章:市場區隔:依應用

  • 電信
  • 媒體與娛樂
  • IT 與遊戲
  • 廣播
  • 其他

第 8 章:市場區隔:按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
  • 亞太
    • 中國
    • 日本
    • 印度
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲
    • 印尼
    • 其他
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙
    • 俄羅斯
    • 其他
  • 拉丁美洲
    • 巴西
    • 墨西哥
    • 其他
  • 中東和非洲
    • 市場區隔:依國家

第9章:促進因素、限制因素與機遇

  • 概述
  • 驅動程式
  • 限制
  • 機會

第 10 章:價值鏈分析

第 11 章:波特五力分析

  • 概述
  • 買家的議價能力
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 競爭程度
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 替代品的威脅

第 12 章:價格分析

第 13 章:競爭格局

  • 市場結構
  • 關鍵參與者
  • 關鍵參與者簡介
    • Akamai Technologies Inc.
    • Amazon Web Services, Inc. (Amazon.com Inc.)
    • Brightcove Inc.
    • Google LLC (Alphabet Inc.)
    • Haivision Systems Inc.
    • Imagine Communications Corp. (The Gores Group LLC)
    • Qencode, Corp.
    • Telestream Inc
    • Vbrick Systems Inc
    • Wowza Media Systems LLC
Product Code: SR112025A7798

The global video transcoding market size reached USD 2,280.3 Million in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 6,806.9 Million by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 12.27% during 2025-2033. There are various factors that are driving the market, which include the growing utilization of smartphones among individuals, increasing digital video content, and rising number of over-the-top (OTT) platforms that provide entertainment to a broader consumer base.

Video transcoding refers to the process of converting a video file from one format or codec to another. It involves decoding the original video file, typically in a specific compression format, and then re-encoding it into a different format or codec while potentially modifying other video properties such as resolution, bitrate, frame rate, or aspect ratio. It involves specialized software or hardware encoders performing decoding and encoding. It allows video files to be converted into formats that can be played or streamed on various devices, such as smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, gaming consoles, or media players. It is also utilized to enhance the quality of a video by applying different encoding settings or converting it to a higher-quality codec. In addition, video transcoding can dynamically adjust the video parameters based on the network conditions and the receiving device's capabilities. Owing to these benefits, video transcoding is gaining popularity across the globe.

Video Transcoding Market Trends:

The market is primarily driven by the increasing demand for video streaming. Nowadays, with the rise of online video platforms, video streaming services, and Over-The-Top (OTT) media providers, there is a growing need to transcode video content into different formats and resolutions to ensure compatibility with various devices and network conditions. In addition, the widespread use of smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and other connected devices has created a fragmented landscape of platforms and operating systems. Video transcoding enables content providers to deliver videos across different devices and platforms, catering to the diverse preferences of viewers. Besides this, the increasing popularity of high-definition (HD) and Ultra-High Definition (UHD) video content requires efficient transcoding solutions to handle the larger file sizes and bandwidth requirements associated with these formats. This, coupled with the emergence of cloud-based transcoding services that offer scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, allowing businesses to leverage powerful transcoding capabilities without investing in dedicated hardware or infrastructure, is propelling the market growth. Moreover, the rapid video content globalization is escalating the demand for video transcoding to overcome regional differences in video formats, resolutions, and codecs and enable content providers to distribute their videos globally.

Key Market Segmentation:

Component Insights:

  • Software-based Solution
  • Hardware-based Solution

Application Insights:

  • Telecommunication
  • Media and Entertainment
  • IT and Gaming
  • Broadcasting
  • Others

Regional Insights:

  • North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • Russia
  • Others
  • Asia Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • India
  • South Korea
  • Australia
  • Indonesia
  • Others
  • Latin America
  • Brazil
  • Mexico
  • Others
  • Middle East and Africa
  • The report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of all the major regional markets, which include North America (the United States and Canada); Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia, and others); Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, and others); Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and others); and the Middle East and Africa. According to the report, North America was the largest market for video transcoding. Some of the factors driving the North America video transcoding market included the increasing video streaming, the surging sales of smartphones, and the rising video content globalization.

Competitive Landscape:

  • The report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the global video transcoding market. Detailed profiles of all major companies have also been provided. Some of the companies covered include Akamai Technologies Inc., Amazon Web Services, Inc. (Amazon.com Inc.), Brightcove Inc., Google LLC (Alphabet Inc.), Haivision Systems Inc., Imagine Communications Corp. (The Gores Group LLC), Qencode, Corp., Telestream Inc, Vbrick Systems Inc, Wowza Media Systems LLC, etc. Kindly note that this only represents a partial list of companies, and the complete list has been provided in the report.

Key Questions Answered in This Report:

  • How has the global video transcoding market performed so far, and how will it perform in the coming years ?
  • What are the drivers, restraints, and opportunities in the global market ?
  • What is the impact of each driver, restraint, and opportunity on the global market ?
  • What are the key regional markets ?
  • Which countries represent the most attractive market ?
  • What is the breakup of the market based on the component ?
  • Which is the most attractive component in the market ?
  • What is the breakup of the market based on the application ?
  • Which is the most attractive application in the market ?
  • What is the competitive structure of the market ?
  • Who are the key players/companies in the global video transcoding market ?

Table of Contents

1 Preface

2 Scope and Methodology

  • 2.1 Objectives of the Study
  • 2.2 Stakeholders
  • 2.3 Data Sources
    • 2.3.1 Primary Sources
    • 2.3.2 Secondary Sources
  • 2.4 Market Estimation
    • 2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
    • 2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
  • 2.5 Forecasting Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Introduction

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Key Industry Trends

5 Global Video Transcoding Market

  • 5.1 Market Overview
  • 5.2 Market Performance
  • 5.3 Impact of COVID-19
  • 5.4 Market Forecast

6 Market Breakup by Component

  • 6.1 Software-based Solution
    • 6.1.1 Market Trends
    • 6.1.2 Market Forecast
  • 6.2 Hardware-based Solution
    • 6.2.1 Market Trends
    • 6.2.2 Market Forecast

7 Market Breakup by Application

  • 7.1 Telecommunication
    • 7.1.1 Market Trends
    • 7.1.2 Market Forecast
  • 7.2 Media and Entertainment
    • 7.2.1 Market Trends
    • 7.2.2 Market Forecast
  • 7.3 IT and Gaming
    • 7.3.1 Market Trends
    • 7.3.2 Market Forecast
  • 7.4 Broadcasting
    • 7.4.1 Market Trends
    • 7.4.2 Market Forecast
  • 7.5 Others
    • 7.5.1 Market Trends
    • 7.5.2 Market Forecast

8 Market Breakup by Region

  • 8.1 North America
    • 8.1.1 United States
      • 8.1.1.1 Market Trends
      • 8.1.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.1.2 Canada
      • 8.1.2.1 Market Trends
      • 8.1.2.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.2 Asia-Pacific
    • 8.2.1 China
      • 8.2.1.1 Market Trends
      • 8.2.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.2.2 Japan
      • 8.2.2.1 Market Trends
      • 8.2.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.2.3 India
      • 8.2.3.1 Market Trends
      • 8.2.3.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.2.4 South Korea
      • 8.2.4.1 Market Trends
      • 8.2.4.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.2.5 Australia
      • 8.2.5.1 Market Trends
      • 8.2.5.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.2.6 Indonesia
      • 8.2.6.1 Market Trends
      • 8.2.6.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.2.7 Others
      • 8.2.7.1 Market Trends
      • 8.2.7.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.3 Europe
    • 8.3.1 Germany
      • 8.3.1.1 Market Trends
      • 8.3.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.3.2 France
      • 8.3.2.1 Market Trends
      • 8.3.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.3.3 United Kingdom
      • 8.3.3.1 Market Trends
      • 8.3.3.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.3.4 Italy
      • 8.3.4.1 Market Trends
      • 8.3.4.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.3.5 Spain
      • 8.3.5.1 Market Trends
      • 8.3.5.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.3.6 Russia
      • 8.3.6.1 Market Trends
      • 8.3.6.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.3.7 Others
      • 8.3.7.1 Market Trends
      • 8.3.7.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.4 Latin America
    • 8.4.1 Brazil
      • 8.4.1.1 Market Trends
      • 8.4.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.4.2 Mexico
      • 8.4.2.1 Market Trends
      • 8.4.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 8.4.3 Others
      • 8.4.3.1 Market Trends
      • 8.4.3.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.5 Middle East and Africa
    • 8.5.1 Market Trends
    • 8.5.2 Market Breakup by Country
    • 8.5.3 Market Forecast

9 Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities

  • 9.1 Overview
  • 9.2 Drivers
  • 9.3 Restraints
  • 9.4 Opportunities

10 Value Chain Analysis

11 Porters Five Forces Analysis

  • 11.1 Overview
  • 11.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • 11.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • 11.4 Degree of Competition
  • 11.5 Threat of New Entrants
  • 11.6 Threat of Substitutes

12 Price Analysis

13 Competitive Landscape

  • 13.1 Market Structure
  • 13.2 Key Players
  • 13.3 Profiles of Key Players
    • 13.3.1 Akamai Technologies Inc.
      • 13.3.1.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.1.2 Product Portfolio
      • 13.3.1.3 Financials
      • 13.3.1.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.3.2 Amazon Web Services, Inc. (Amazon.com Inc.)
      • 13.3.2.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.2.2 Product Portfolio
      • 13.3.2.3 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.3.3 Brightcove Inc.
      • 13.3.3.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.3.2 Product Portfolio
      • 13.3.3.3 Financials
    • 13.3.4 Google LLC (Alphabet Inc.)
      • 13.3.4.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.4.2 Product Portfolio
      • 13.3.4.3 SWOT Analysis
    • 13.3.5 Haivision Systems Inc.
      • 13.3.5.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.5.2 Product Portfolio
      • 13.3.5.3 Financials
    • 13.3.6 Imagine Communications Corp. (The Gores Group LLC)
      • 13.3.6.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.6.2 Product Portfolio
    • 13.3.7 Qencode, Corp.
      • 13.3.7.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.7.2 Product Portfolio
    • 13.3.8 Telestream Inc
      • 13.3.8.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.8.2 Product Portfolio
    • 13.3.9 Vbrick Systems Inc
      • 13.3.9.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.9.2 Product Portfolio
    • 13.3.10 Wowza Media Systems LLC
      • 13.3.10.1 Company Overview
      • 13.3.10.2 Product Portfolio

Kindly note that this only represents a partial list of companies, and the complete list has been provided in the report.

List of Figures

  • Figure 1: Global: Video Transcoding Market: Major Drivers and Challenges
  • Figure 2: Global: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019-2024
  • Figure 3: Global: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 4: Global: Video Transcoding Market: Breakup by Component (in %), 2024
  • Figure 5: Global: Video Transcoding Market: Breakup by Application (in %), 2024
  • Figure 6: Global: Video Transcoding Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2024
  • Figure 7: Global: Video Transcoding (Software-based Solution) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 8: Global: Video Transcoding (Software-based Solution) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 9: Global: Video Transcoding (Hardware-based Solution) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 10: Global: Video Transcoding (Hardware-based Solution) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 11: Global: Video Transcoding (Telecommunication) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 12: Global: Video Transcoding (Telecommunication) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 13: Global: Video Transcoding (Media and Entertainment) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 14: Global: Video Transcoding (Media and Entertainment) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 15: Global: Video Transcoding (IT and Gaming) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 16: Global: Video Transcoding (IT and Gaming) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 17: Global: Video Transcoding (Broadcasting) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 18: Global: Video Transcoding (Broadcasting) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 19: Global: Video Transcoding (Other Applications) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 20: Global: Video Transcoding (Other Applications) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 21: North America: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 22: North America: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 23: United States: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 24: United States: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 25: Canada: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 26: Canada: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 27: Asia-Pacific: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 28: Asia-Pacific: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 29: China: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 30: China: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 31: Japan: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 32: Japan: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 33: India: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 34: India: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 35: South Korea: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 36: South Korea: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 37: Australia: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 38: Australia: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 39: Indonesia: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 40: Indonesia: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 41: Others: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 42: Others: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 43: Europe: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 44: Europe: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 45: Germany: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 46: Germany: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 47: France: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 48: France: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 49: United Kingdom: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 50: United Kingdom: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 51: Italy: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 52: Italy: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 53: Spain: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 54: Spain: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 55: Russia: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 56: Russia: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 57: Others: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 58: Others: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 59: Latin America: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 60: Latin America: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 61: Brazil: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 62: Brazil: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 63: Mexico: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 64: Mexico: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 65: Others: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 66: Others: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 67: Middle East and Africa: Video Transcoding Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 68: Middle East and Africa: Video Transcoding Market: Breakup by Country (in %), 2024
  • Figure 69: Middle East and Africa: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 70: Global: Video Transcoding Industry: Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities
  • Figure 71: Global: Video Transcoding Industry: Value Chain Analysis
  • Figure 72: Global: Video Transcoding Industry: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

List of Tables

  • Table 1: Global: Video Transcoding Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2024 & 2033
  • Table 2: Global: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Breakup by Component (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Table 3: Global: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Breakup by Application (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Table 4: Global: Video Transcoding Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Table 5: Global: Video Transcoding Market: Competitive Structure
  • Table 6: Global: Video Transcoding Market: Key Players